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Emphatic Temporal Difference (ETD) learning has recently been proposed as a convergent off-policy learning method. ETD was proposed mainly to address convergence issues of conventional Temporal Difference (TD) learning under off-policy training but it is different from conventional TD learning even under on-policy training. A simple counterexample provided back in 2017 pointed to a potential class of problems where ETD converges but TD diverges. In this paper, we empirically show that ETD converges on a few other well-known on-policy experiments whereas TD either diverges or performs poorly. We also show that ETD outperforms TD on the mountain car prediction problem. Our results, together with a similar pattern observed under off-policy training in prior works, suggest that ETD might be a good substitute over conventional TD.
The temporal-difference methods TD($lambda$) and Sarsa($lambda$) form a core part of modern reinforcement learning. Their appeal comes from their good performance, low computational cost, and their simple interpretation, given by their forward view. Recently, n
An effective approach to exploration in reinforcement learning is to rely on an agents uncertainty over the optimal policy, which can yield near-optimal exploration strategies in tabular settings. However, in non-tabular settings that involve functio
Multi-step temporal-difference (TD) learning, where the update targets contain information from multiple time steps ahead, is one of the most popular forms of TD learning for linear function approximation. The reason is that multi-step methods often
This paper has been withdrawn by the author. This draft is withdrawn for its poor quality in english, unfortunately produced by the author when he was just starting his science route. Look at the ICML version instead: http://icml2008.cs.helsinki.fi/papers/111.pdf
Temporal-Difference (TD) learning is a general and very useful tool for estimating the value function of a given policy, which in turn is required to find good policies. Generally speaking, TD learning updates states whenever they are visited. When t