ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
Understanding how Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) evolve through cosmic time allows us to probe the physical processes that control their evolution. We use an updated model for the evolution of masses and spins of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), coupled to the latest version of the semi-analytical model of galaxy formation GALFORM using the Planck cosmology and a high resolution Millennium style dark matter simulation to make predictions for AGN and SMBH properties for $0 < z < 6$. We compare the model to the observed black hole mass function and the SMBH versus galaxy bulge mass relation at $z=0$, and compare the predicted bolometric, hard X-ray, soft X-ray and optical AGN luminosity functions to observations at $z < 6$, and find that the model is in good agreement with the observations. The model predicts that at $z<2$ and $L_{mathrm{bol}} < 10^{43} mathrm{ergs^{-1}}$, the AGN luminosity function is dominated by objects accreting in an Advection Dominated Accretion Flow (ADAF) disc state, while at higher redshifts and higher luminosities the dominant contribution is from objects accreting via a thin disc or at super-Eddington rates. The model also predicts that the AGN luminosity function at $z<3$ and $L_{mathrm{bol}} < 10^{44} mathrm{ergs^{-1}}$ is dominated by the contribution from AGN fuelled by quiescent hot halo accretion, while at higher luminosities and higher redshifts, the AGN luminosity function is dominated by the contribution from AGN fuelled by starbursts triggered by disc instabilities. We employ this model to predict the evolution of SMBH masses, Eddington ratios, and spins, finding that the median SMBH spin evolves very little for $0<z<6$.
We present a simple semi-numerical model designed to explore black hole growth and galaxy evolution. This method builds on a previous model for black hole accretion that uses a semi-numerical galaxy formation model and universal Eddington ratio distr
We implement a detailed dust model into the L-Galaxies semi-analytical model which includes: injection of dust by type II and type Ia supernovae (SNe) and AGB stars; grain growth in molecular clouds; and destruction due to supernova-induced shocks, s
We present hydrodynamical N-body simulations of clusters of galaxies with feedback taken from semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. The advantage of this technique is that the source of feedback in our simulations is a population of galaxies that
We introduce a new physical recipe into the De Lucia and Blaizot version of the Munich semi-analytic model built upon the Millennium dark matter simulation: the tidal stripping of stellar material from satellite galaxies during mergers. To test the s
It is now possible for hydrodynamical simulations to reproduce a representative galaxy population. Accordingly, it is timely to assess critically some of the assumptions of traditional semi-analytic galaxy formation models. We use the Eagle simulatio