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By challenging E. coli with sublethal norfloxacin for 10 days, Henry Lee and James Collins suggests the bacterial altruism leads to the population-wide resistance. By detailedly analyzing experiment data, we suggest that bacterial cooperation leads to population-wide resistance under norfloxacin pressure and simultaneously propose the bacteria shield is the possible feedback mechanism of less resistant bacteria. The bacteria shield is that the less resistant bacteria sacrifice the large number of themselves to consume norfloxacin and then to relieve the norfloxacin burden from highly resistant bacteria. Thus, due to highly resistant bacteria and less resistant bacteria extracted from the same bacteria population, bacterial cooperation leads to heteroresistance.
We revisit the modeling of the diauxic growth of a pure microorganism on two distinct sugars which was first described by Monod. Most available models are deterministic and make the assumption that all cells of the microbial ecosystem behave homogene
Community ecology has traditionally relied on the competitive exclusion principle, a piece of common wisdom in conceptual frameworks developed to describe species assemblages. Key concepts in community ecology, such as limiting similarity and niche p
A central goal of evolutionary biology is to explain the origins and distribution of diversity across life. Beyond species or genetic diversity, we also observe diversity in the circuits (genetic or otherwise) underlying complex functional traits. Ho
A simulation approach to the stochastic growth of bacterial towers is presented, in which a non-uniform and finite nutrient supply essentially determines the emerging structure through elementary chemotaxis. The method is based on cellular automata a
Evolutionary game theory is employed to study topological conditions of scale-free networks for the evolution of cooperation. We show that Apollonian Networks (ANs) are perfect scale-free networks, on which cooperation can spread to all individuals,