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We describe a concept that has the potential to change how we think about the underlying mechanisms of cell membrane electroporation (EP). Prior experimental, theoretical and modeling have emphasized a single pore lifetime as adequate for particular conditions. Here we introduce a much more complex response: The rapid creation of many types of pore structures, of which some are traditional transient lipidic pores (TPs), but the great majority are complex pores (CPs) based on both lipids and other molecules or molecular segments. At the inner leaflet of the cell plasma membrane (PM) non-lipidic molecules come from the over-crowded cytoplasm. At the outer leaflet they originate from the extracellular medium and extracellular matrix. Some partially or fully insert into TPs during or shortly after TP formation, or bind to the membrane nearby. This process is complex, leading to mostly short-lived structures, with relatively few lasting for long times. We speculate that the characteristic pore lifetimes range from $sim$100 ns to 1,000 s, based on implications from experiments. The frequency-of-occurrence probably falls off extremely rapidly with increasing lifetime, $tau_{CP}$, which implies that most are inaccessible to traditional experimental methods. It also suggests that unexpected behavior can occur early in pulsing, vanishing before post-pulse observations begin.
We search for conditions under which a characteristic time scale for ordering dynamics towards either of two absorbing states in a finite complex network of interactions does not exist. With this aim, we study random networks and networks with mesosc
We study translocation dynamics of a driven compressible semi-flexible chain consisting of alternate blocks of stiff ($S$) and flexible ($F$) segments of size $m$ and $n$ respectively for different chain length $N$ in two dimension (2D). The free par
Bacterial processes ranging from gene expression to motility and biofilm formation are constantly challenged by internal and external noise. While the importance of stochastic fluctuations has been appreciated for chemotaxis, it is currently believed
Single molecule tracking in live cells is the ultimate tool to study subcellular protein dynamics, but it is often limited by the probe size and photostability. Due to these issues, long-term tracking of proteins in confined and crowded environments,
The spectrum of relativistic electron bunches with large energy dispersion is hardly obtainable with conventional magnetic spectrometers. We present a novel spectroscopic concept, based on the analysis of the photons generated by Thomson Scattering