ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
We present a systematic survey of multiple velocity-resolved H$_2$O spectra using Herschel/HIFI towards nine nearby actively star forming galaxies. The ground-state and low-excitation lines (E$_{rm up},le 130,{rm K}$) show profiles with emission and absorption blended together, while absorption-free medium-excitation lines ($130,{rm K}, le, E_{rm up},le,350,{rm K}$) typically display line shapes similar to CO. We analyze the HIFI observation together with archival SPIRE/PACS H$_2$O data using a state-of-the-art 3D radiative transfer code which includes the interaction between continuum and line emission. The water excitation models are combined with information on the dust- and CO spectral line energy distribution to determine the physical structure of the interstellar medium (ISM). We identify two ISM components that are common to all galaxies: A warm ($T_{rm dust},sim,40-70,{rm K}$), dense ($n({rm H}),sim,10^5-10^6,{rm cm^{-3}}$) phase which dominates the emission of medium-excitation H$_2$O lines. This gas phase also dominates the FIR emission and the CO intensities for $J_{rm up} > 8$. In addition a cold ($T_{rm dust},sim,20-30,{rm K}$), dense ($n({rm H})sim,10^4- 10^5,{rm cm^{-3}}$) more extended phase is present. It outputs the emission in the low-excitation H$_2$O lines and typically also produces the prominent line absorption features. For the two ULIRGs in our sample (Arp 220 and Mrk 231) an even hotter and more compact (R$_s,le,100$ pc) region is present which is possibly linked to AGN activity. We find that collisions dominate the water excitation in the cold gas and for lines with $E_{rm up}le300,{rm K}$ and $E_{rm up}le800,{rm K}$ in the warm and hot component, respectively. Higher energy levels are mainly excited by IR pumping.
We present spectrally resolved observations of triatomic carbon (C3) in several ro-vibrational transitions between the vibrational ground state and the low-energy nu2 bending mode at frequencies between 1654-1897 GHz along the sight-lines to the subm
In this paper we analyze the evolution of actively star forming galaxies in the mid-infrared (MIR). This spectral region, characterized by continuum emission by hot dust and by the presence of strong emission features generally ascribed to polycyclic
Identifying galaxy clustering at high redshift (i.e. z > 1) is essential to our understanding of the current cosmological model. However, at increasing redshift, clusters evolve considerably in star-formation activity and so are less likely to be ide
Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH) is a key programme dedicated to studying the role of water and related species during the star-formation process and constraining the physical and chemical properties of young stellar objects. The He
This paper reviews the first results of observations of H2O line emission with Herschel-HIFI towards high-mass star-forming regions, obtained within the WISH guaranteed time program. The data reveal three kinds of gas-phase H2O: `cloud water in cold