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The feedback arc (vertex) set problem, shortened FASP (FVSP), is to transform a given multi digraph $G=(V,E)$ into an acyclic graph by deleting as few arcs (vertices) as possible. Due to the results of Richard M. Karp in 1972 it is one of the classic NP-complete problems. An important contribution of this paper is that the subgraphs $G_{mathrm{el}}(e)$, $G_{mathrm{si}}(e)$ of all elementary cycles or simple cycles running through some arc $e in E$, can be computed in $mathcal{O}big(|E|^2big)$ and $mathcal{O}(|E|^4)$, respectively. We use this fact and introduce the notion of the essential minor and isolated cycles, which yield a priori problem size reductions and in the special case of so called resolvable graphs an exact solution in $mathcal{O}(|V||E|^3)$. We show that weight
In the distributional Twenty Questions game, Bob chooses a number $x$ from $1$ to $n$ according to a distribution $mu$, and Alice (who knows $mu$) attempts to identify $x$ using Yes/No questions, which Bob answers truthfully. Her goal is to minimize
We present several enumeration results holding in sets of words called neutral and which satisfy restrictive conditions on the set of possible extensions of nonempty words. These formulae concern return words and bifix codes. They generalize formulae
This paper addresses the problem of finding minimum forcing sets in origami. The origami material folds flat along straight lines called creases that can be labeled as mountains or valleys. A forcing set is a subset of creases that force all the othe
We show that a simple Markov chain, the Glauber dynamics, can efficiently sample independent sets almost uniformly at random in polynomial time for graphs in a certain class. The class is determined by boundedness of a new graph parameter called bipa
We introduce the notion of specular sets which are subsets of groups called here specular and which form a natural generalization of free groups. These sets are an abstract generalization of the natural codings of linear involutions. We prove several