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Relativistic jets launched by supermassive black holes, so-called as active galactic nuclei (AGNs), are known as the most energetic particle accelerators in the universe. However, the baryon loading efficiency onto the jets from the accretion flows and their particle acceleration efficiencies have been veiled in mystery. With the latest data sets, we perform multi-wavelength spectral analysis of quiescent spectra of 13 TeV gamma-ray detected high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBLs) following one-zone static synchrotron-self-Compton (SSC) model. We determine the minimum, cooling break, and maximum electron Lorentz factors following the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) theory. We find that HBLs have $P_B/P_esim6.3times10^{-3}$ and the radiative efficiency $epsilon_{rm rad,jet}sim6.7times10^{-4}$ where $P_B$ and $P_e$ is the Poynting and electron power, respectively. By assuming 10 leptons per one proton, the jet power relates to the black hole mass as $P_{rm jet}/L_{rm Edd}sim0.18$ where $P_{rm jet}$ and $L_{rm Edd}$ is the jet power and the Eddington luminosity, respectively. Under our model assumptions, we further find that HBLs have the jet production efficiency of $eta_{rm jet}sim1.5$ and the mass loading efficiency of $xi_{rm jet}gtrsim5times10^{-2}$. We also investigate the particle acceleration efficiency in the blazar zone by including the most recent Swift/BAT data. Our samples ubiquitously have the particle acceleration efficiency of $eta_gsim10^{4.5}$, which is inefficient to accelerate particles up to the ultra-high-energy-cosmic-ray (UHECR) regime. This implies that the UHECR acceleration sites should be other than the blazar zones of quiescent low power AGN jets, if one assumes the one-zone SSC model based on the DSA theory.
We include a general form for the scattering mean free path in a nonlinear Monte Carlo model of relativistic shock formation and Fermi acceleration. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, as well as analytic work, suggest that relativistic shocks tend t
Radio relics in galaxy clusters are giant diffuse synchrotron sources powered in cluster outskirts by merger shocks. Although the relic-shock connection has been consolidated in recent years by a number of observations, the details of the mechanisms
In this chapter, we review some features of particle acceleration in astrophysical jets. We begin by describing four observational results relating to the topic, with particular emphasis on jets in active galactic nuclei and parallels between differe
Numerical algorithms to load relativistic Maxwell distributions in particle-in-cell (PIC) and Monte-Carlo simulations are presented. For stationary relativistic Maxwellian, the inverse transform method and the Sobol algorithm are reviewed. To boost p
Magnetized jets in GRBs and AGNs are thought to be efficient accelerators of particles, however, the process responsible for the acceleration is still a matter of active debate. In this work, we study the kink-instability in non-rotating force-free j