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The concept of highly relativistic electrons confined to blobs that are moving out with modestly relativistic speeds is often invoked to explain high energy blazar observations. The important parameters in this model such as the bulk Lorentz factor of the blob ($Gamma$), the random Lorentz factor of the electrons ($gamma$) and the blob size are typically observationally constrained, but its not clear how and why the energetic electrons are held together as a blob. Here we present some preliminary ideas based on scenarios for cosmic ray electron self-confinement that could lead to a coherent picture.
In this paper we propose a way to use optical polarisation observations to provide independent constraints and guide to the modelling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of blazars, which is particularly useful when two-zone models are required
Low ($lesssim 1%$) levels of circular polarization (CP) detected at radio frequencies in the relativistic jets of some blazars can provide insight into the underlying nature of the jet plasma. CP can be produced through linear birefringence, in which
Flaring activity in blazars can last for vastly different time-scales, and may be the result of density enhancements in the jet flow that result from the intrusion of an interstellar cloud into the jet. We investigate the lightcurves expected from th
Rapid and luminous flares of non-thermal radiation observed in blazars require an efficient mechanism of energy dissipation and particle acceleration in relativistic active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets. Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic re
We present multi-epoch, parsec-scale core brightness temperature observations of 447 AGN jets from the MOJAVE and 2cm Survey programs at 15 GHz from 1994 to 2019. The brightness temperature of each jet over time is characterized by its median value a