اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدX-ray detection with Micromegas with background levels below 10$^{-6}$ keV$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$
138
0
0.0
(
0
)
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
Micromegas detectors are an optimum technological choice for the detection of low energy x-rays. The low background techniques applied to these detectors yielded remarkable background reductions over the years, being the CAST experiment beneficiary of these developments. In this document we report on the latest upgrades towards further background reductions and better understanding of the detectors response. The upgrades encompass the readout electronics, a new detector design and the implementation of a more efficient cosmic muon veto system. Background levels below 10$^{-6}$keV$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ have been obtained at sea level for the first time, demonstrating the feasibility of the expectations posed by IAXO, the next generation axion helioscope. Some results obtained with a set of measurements conducted in the x-ray beam of the CAST Detector Laboratory will be also presented and discussed.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are solid state light detectors with sensitivity to single photons. Their use in high energy physics experiments, and in particular in ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors, is hindered by their poor tolerance to rad
iation. At room temperature the large increase in dark count rate makes single photon detection practically impossible already at 10$^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$ 1-MeV-equivalent neutron fluence. The neutron fluences foreseen by many subdetectors to be operated at the high luminosity LHC range up to 10$^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ 1-MeV-equivalent. In this paper we present the effects of such high neutron fluences on Hamamatsu and SensL SiPMs of different cell size. The advantage of annealing at high temperature (up to 175 $^{circ}$C) is discussed. We demonstrate that, after annealing, operation at the single photon level with a SiPM irradiated up to 10$^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ 1-MeV-equivalent neutron fluence is possible at cryogenic temperature (77 K) with a dark count rate below 1~kHz.
Snowden and coworkers have presented a model for the 1/4 keV soft X-ray diffuse background in which the observed flux is dominated by a ~ 10^6 K thermal plasma located in a 100-300 pc diameter bubble surrounding the Sun, but has significant contribut
ions from a very patchy Galactic halo. Halo emission provides about 11% of the total observed flux and is responsible for half of the H I anticorrelation. The remainder of the anticorrelation is presumably produced by displacement of disk H I by the varying extent of the local hot bubble (LHB). The ROSAT R1 and R2 bands used for this work had the unique spatial resolution and statistical precision required for separating the halo and local components, but provide little spectral information. Some consistency checks had been made with older observations at lower X-ray energies, but we have made a careful investigation of the extent to which the model is supported by existing sounding rocket data in the Be (73-111 eV) and B bands (115-188 eV) where the sensitivities to the model are qualitatively different from the ROSAT bands. We conclude that the two-component model is well supported by the low-energy data. We find that these combined observations of the local component may be consistent with single-temperature thermal emission models in collisional ionization equilibrium if depleted abundances are assumed. However, different model implementations give significantly different results, offering little support for the conclusion that the astrophysical situation is so simple.
We observed several nearby face-on spiral galaxies with the ROSAT PSPC. The apparent deficiency in soft X-ray surface brightness observed at the outer portion of their disks is consistent with the absorption of the extragalactic soft X-ray background
by material associated with these galaxies, and allows us to place a lower limit on the intensity of this cosmologically important background. From the depth of the soft X-ray shadow observed in NGC 3184, a 95% confidence lower limit was derived to be $32 keV cm^{-2} s^{-1} keV^{-1}$ at 1/4 keV. This was obtained by assuming that there is no unresolved 1/4 keV X-ray emission from the outer region of the galaxy which may otherwise partially fill in the shadow: any such emission, or any unresolved structure in the absorbing gas, would imply a larger value. In the deepest exposure to date in this energy range, Hasinger et al. (1993) resolved about $30 keV cm^{-2} s^{-1} keV^{-1}$ at 1/4 keV into discrete sources; our current limit is therefore consistent with an extragalactic origin for all of these sources. Our results can also be directly compared with the corresponding upper limit derived from the ROSAT PSPC detection of soft X-ray shadows cast by high-latitude clouds in Ursa Major, $simeq 65 keV cm^{-2} s^{-1} keV^{-1}$ at 1/4 keV. The lower and upper limits are only a factor of 2 apart, and begin to provide a reasonable measurement of the intensity of the 1/4 keV extragalactic X-ray background.
The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector is one of promising particle and radiation detectors that has been improved greatly from previous gas detectors. The improvement includes better spatial resolutions, higher detection rate capabilities, and f
lexibilities in designs. In particular, the 10 cm x 10 cm GEM prototype is designed and provided by the Gas Detectors Development group (GDD) at CERN, Switzerland. With its simplicity in operations and designs, while still maintaining high qualities, the GEM prototype is suitable for both start-up and advanced researches. This article aims to report the investigations on some important properties of the 10 cm x 10 cm GEM detector using current measurement and signal counting. Results have shown that gains of the GEM prototype exponentially increase as voltage supplied to the detector increases, while the detector reaches full efficiency (plateau region) when the voltage is greater than 4100 V. In terms of signal sharing between X and Y strips of the readout, X strips, which is on the top layer of the readout, collect ~57% of the total signal. For the uniformity test, the GEM prototype has slightly higher efficiencies at the center of the detector and decreases as positions are closer to edges.
Degenerate conduction-band minima, or `valleys, in materials such as Si, AlAs, graphene, and MoS$_2$ allow them to host two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) that can access a valley degree of freedom. These multivalley 2DESs present exciting oppo
rtunities for both pragmatic and fundamental research alike because not only are they a platform for valleytronic devices, but they also provide a tool to tune and investigate the properties of complex many-body ground states. Here, we report ultra-high quality, modulation doped AlAs quantum wells containing 2DESs that occupy two anisotropic valleys and have electron mobilities peaking at $2.4times10^6$ cm$^{2}$V$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$ at a density of $2.2times10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$. This is more than an order of magnitude improvement in mobility over previous results. The unprecedented quality of our samples is demonstrated by magneto-transport data that show high-order fractional quantum Hall minima up to the Landau level filling $ u=8/17$, and even the elusive $ u=1/5$ quantum Hall state.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
