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In this paper, we consider coloring of graphs under the assumption that some vertices are already colored. Let $G$ be an $r$-colorable graph and let $Psubset V(G)$. Albertson [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B textbf{73} (1998), 189--194] has proved that if every pair of vertices in $P$ have distance at least four, then every $(r+1)$-coloring of $G[P]$ can be extended to an $(r+1)$-coloring of $G$, where $G[P]$ is the subgraph of $G$ induced by $P$. In this paper, we allow $P$ to have pairs of vertices of distance at most three, and investigate how the number of such pairs affects the number of colors we need to extend the coloring of $G[P]$. We also study the effect of pairs of vertices of distance at most two, and extend the result by Albertson and Moore [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B textbf{77} (1999) 83--95].
Given any graph $H$, a graph $G$ is said to be $q$-Ramsey for $H$ if every coloring of the edges of $G$ with $q$ colors yields a monochromatic subgraph isomorphic to $H$. Further, such a graph $G$ is said to be minimal $q$-Ramsey for $H$ if additiona
Hakimi and Schmeichel determined a sharp lower bound for the number of cycles of length 4 in a maximal planar graph with $n$ vertices, $ngeq 5$. It has been shown that the bound is sharp for $n = 5,12$ and $ngeq 14$ vertices. However, it was only con
It is an open question whether the linear extension complexity of the Cartesian product of two polytopes P, Q is the sum of the extension complexities of P and Q. We give an affirmative answer to this question for the case that one of the two polytopes is a pyramid.
The main contribution of this paper is a new column-by-column method for the decomposition of generating functions of convex polyominoes suitable for enumeration with respect to various statistics including but not limited to interior vertices, bound
We provide a simple characterization of simplicial complexes on few vertices that embed into the $d$-sphere. Namely, a simplicial complex on $d+3$ vertices embeds into the $d$-sphere if and only if its non-faces do not form an intersecting family. As