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تسجيل مستخدم جديدGALEX Observations of CS and OH Emission in Comet 9P/Tempel 1 During Deep Impact
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Paul D. Feldman
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GALEX observations of comet 9P/Tempel 1 using the near ultraviolet (NUV) objective grism were made before, during and after the Deep Impact event that occurred on 2005 July 4 at 05:52:03 UT when a 370 kg NASA spacecraft was maneuvered into the path of the comet. The NUV channel provides usable spectral information in a bandpass covering 2000 - 3400 A with a point source spectral resolving power of approximately 100. The primary spectral features in this range include solar continuum scattered from cometary dust and emissions from OH and CS molecular bands centered near 3085 and 2575 A, respectively. In particular, we report the only cometary CS emission detected during this event. The observations allow the evolution of these spectral features to be tracked over the period of the encounter. In general, the NUV emissions observed from Tempel 1 are much fainter than those that have been observed by GALEX from other comets. However, it is possible to derive production rates for the parent molecules of the species detected by GALEX in Tempel 1 and to determine the number of these molecules liberated by the impact. The derived quiescent production rates are Q(H2O) = 6.4e27 molecules/s and Q(CS2) = 6.7e24 molecules/s, while the impact produced an additional 1.6e32 H2O molecules and 1.3e29 CS2 molecules, a similar ratio as in quiescent outgassing.
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The time dependence of the changes in the emission spectra of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 after Deep Impact are derived and discussed. This was a unique event because for the first time it gave astronomers the opportunity to follow the time history of the form
ation and decay of O(1S), OH, CN, C2, C3, NH, and NH2. Least squares fits of a modified Haser model with constraints using known rate constants were fit to the observed data. In the case of OH a simple two-step Haser model provides a reasonable fit to the observations. Fitting the emissions from O(1S), CN, C2, C3, NH, and NH2 requires the addition of a delayed component to a regular two or three step Haser model. From this information a picture of the Deep Impact encounter emerges where there is an initial formation of gas and dust, which is responsible for the prompt emission that occurs right after impact. A secondary source of gas starts later after impact when the initial dust has dissipated enough so that solar radiation can reach the surface of freshly exposed material. The implications of this and other results are discussed in terms of the implications on the structure and composition of the comets nucleus.
We analyzed Deep Impact High Resolution Instrument (HRI) images acquired within the first seconds after collision of the Deep Impact impactor with the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1. These images reveal an optically thick ejecta plume that casts a shad
ow on the surface of the nucleus. Using the 3D radiative transfer code HYPERION we simulated light scattering by the ejecta plume, taking into account multiple scattering of light from the ejecta, the surrounding nuclear surface and the actual observational geometry (including an updated plume orientation geometry that accounts for the latest 9P/Tempel 1 shape model). Our primary dust model parameters were the number density of particles, their size distribution and composition. We defined the composition through the density of an individual particle and the ratio of its material constituents, which we considered to be refractories, ice and voids. The results of our modeling indicate a dust/ice mass ratio for the ejecta particles of at least 1. To further constrain the parameters of the model, we checked for consistency between the ejecta mass resulting from our modeling with the ejecta mass estimated by the crater formation modeling. Constraining the particle size distribution by results of other studies of the Deep Impact ejecta, we find the number density of ejecta particles equal to ~10^4 particles/cm^3 at the base of the plume.
On 4 July 2005 at 5:52 UT the Deep Impact mission successfully completed its goal to hit the nucleus of 9P/Tempel 1 with an impactor, forming a crater on the nucleus and ejecting material into the coma of the comet. NASAs Submillimeter Wave Astronomy
Satellite (SWAS) observed the 1(10)-1(01) ortho-water ground-state rotational transition in comet 9P/Tempel 1 before, during, and after the impact. No excess emission from the impact was detected by SWAS and we derive an upper limit of 1.8e7 kg on the water ice evaporated by the impact. However, the water production rate of the comet showed large natural variations of more than a factor of three during the weeks before and after the impact. Episodes of increased activity with Q(H2O)~1e28 molecule/s alternated with periods with low outgassing (Q(H2O)<~5e27 molecule/s). We estimate that 9P/Tempel 1 vaporized a total of N~4.5e34 water molecules (~1.3e9 kg) during June-September 2005. Our observations indicate that only a small fraction of the nucleus of Tempel 1 appears to be covered with active areas. Water vapor is expected to emanate predominantly from topographic features periodically facing the Sun as the comet rotates. We calculate that appreciable asymmetries of these features could lead to a spin-down or spin-up of the nucleus at observable rates.
We present radio observations of comet 9P/Tempel 1 associated with the Deep Impact spacecraft collision of 2005 July 4. Weak 18-cm OH emission was detected with the Parkes 64-m telescope, in data averaged over July 4 to 6, at a level of 12 +/- 3 mJy
km/s, corresponding to OH production rate 2.8 x 10^{28} molecules/second (Despois et al. inversion model, or 1.0 x 10^{28} /s for the Schleicher & AHearn model). We did not detect the HCN 1-0 line with the Mopra 22-m telescope over the period July 2 to 6. The 3 sigma limit of 0.06 K km/s for HCN on July 4 after the impact gives the limit to the HCN production rate of < 1.8 x 10^{25} /s. We did not detect the HCN 1-0 line, 6.7 GHz CH_3OH line or 3.4-mm continuum with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) on July 4, giving further limits on any small-scale structure due to an outburst. The 3 sigma limit on HCN emission of 2.5 K km/s from the ATCA around impact corresponds to limit < 4 x 10^{29} HCN molecules released by the impact.
On 4 July 2005 at 05:52 UT, the impactor of NASAs Deep Impact (DI) mission crashed into comet 9P/Tempel 1 with a velocity of about 10 km/s. The material ejected by the impact expanded into the normal coma, produced by ordinary cometary activity. Th
e characteristics of the non-impact coma and cloud produced by the impact were studied by observations in the visible wavelengths and in the near-IR. The scattering characteristics of the normal coma of solid particles were studied by comparing images in various spectral regions, from the UV to the near-IR. For the non-impact coma, a proxy of the dust production has been measured in various spectral regions. The presence of sublimating grains has been detected. Their lifetime was found to be about 11 hours. Regarding the cloud produced by the impact, the total geometric cross section multiplied by the albedo was measured as a function of the color and time. The projected velocity appeared to obey a Gaussian distribution with the average velocity of the order of 115 m/s. By comparing the observations taken about 3 hours after the impact, we have found a strong decrease in the cross section in J filter, while that in Ks remained almost constant. This is interpreted as the result of sublimation of grains dominated by particles of sizes of the order of some microns.
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