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تسجيل مستخدم جديدDose calculation algorithm of fast fine-heterogeneity correction for heavy charged particle radiotherapy
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تأليف
Nobuyuki Kanematsu
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This work addresses computing techniques for dose calculations in treatment planning with proton and ion beams, based on an efficient kernel-convolution method referred to as grid-dose spreading (GDS) and accurate heterogeneity-correction method referred to as Gaussian beam splitting. The original GDS algorithm suffered from distortion of dose distribution for beams tilted with respect to the dose-grid axes. Use of intermediate grids normal to the beam field has solved the beam-tilting distortion. Interplay of arrangement between beams and grids was found as another intrinsic source of artifact. Inclusion of rectangular-kernel convolution in beam transport, to share the beam contribution among the nearest grids in a regulatory manner, has solved the interplay problem. This algorithmic framework was applied to a tilted proton pencil beam and a broad carbon-ion beam. In these cases, while the elementary pencil beams individually split into several tens, the calculation time increased only by several times with the GDS algorithm. The GDS and beam-splitting methods will complementarily enable accurate and efficient dose calculations for radiotherapy with protons and ions.
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A new variant of the pencil-beam (PB) algorithm for dose distribution calculation for radiotherapy with protons and heavier ions, the grid-dose spreading (GDS) algorithm, is proposed. The GDS algorithm is intrinsically faster than conventional PB alg
orithms due to approximations in convolution integral, where physical calculations are decoupled from simple grid-to-grid energy transfer. It was effortlessly implemented to a carbon-ion radiotherapy treatment planning system to enable realistic beam blurring in the field, which was absent with the broad-beam (BB) algorithm. For a typical prostate treatment, the slowing factor of the GDS algorithm relative to the BB algorithm was 1.4, which is a great improvement over the conventional PB algorithms with a typical slowing factor of several tens. The GDS algorithm is mathematically equivalent to the PB algorithm for horizontal and vertical coplanar beams commonly used in carbon-ion radiotherapy while dose deformation within the size of the pristine spread occurs for angled beams, which was within 3 mm for a single proton pencil beam of $30^circ$ incidence, and needs to be assessed against the clinical requirements and tolerances in practical situations.
The pencil-beam model is valid only when elementary Gaussian beams are small enough with respect to lateral heterogeneity of a medium, which is not always the case in heavy charged particle radiotherapy. This work addresses a solution for this proble
m by applying our discovery of self-similar nature of Gaussian distributions. In this method, Gaussian beams split into narrower and deflecting daughter beams when their size has exceeded the lateral heterogeneity limit. They will be automatically arranged with modulated areal density for accurate and efficient dose calculations. The effectiveness was assessed in an carbon-ion beam experiment in presence of steep range compensation, where the splitting calculation reproduced the detour effect of imperfect compensation amounting up to about 10% or as large as the lateral particle disequilibrium effect. The efficiency was analyzed in calculations for carbon-ion and proton radiations with a heterogeneous phantom model, where the splitting calculations took about a minute and were factor of 5 slower than the non-splitting ones. The beam-splitting method is reasonably accurate, efficient, and general so that it can be potentially used in various pencil-beam algorithms.
A broad-beam-delivery system for heavy-charged-particle radiotherapy often employs multiple collimators and a range-compensating filter, which potentially offer complex beam customization. In treatment planning, it is however difficult for a conventi
onal pencil-beam algorithm to deal with these structures due to beam-size growth during transport. This study aims to resolve the problem with a novel computational model. The pencil beams are initially defined at the range compensating filter with angular-acceptance correction for the upstream collimators followed by the range compensation effects. They are individually transported with possible splitting near the downstream collimator edges to deal with its fine structure. The dose distribution for a carbon-ion beam was calculated and compared with existing experimental data. The penumbra sizes of various collimator edges agreed between them to a submillimeter level. This beam-customization model will complete an accurate and efficient dose-calculation algorithm for treatment planning with heavy charged particles.
A model for beam customization with collimators and a range-compensating filter based on the phase-space theory for beam transport is presented for dose distribution calculation in treatment planning of radiotherapy with protons and heavier ions. Ind
ependent handling of pencil beams in conventional pencil-beam algorithms causes unphysical collimator-height dependence in the middle of large fields, which is resolved by the framework comprised of generation, transport, collimation, regeneration, range-compensation, and edge-sharpening processes with a matrix of pencil beams. The model was verified to be consistent with measurement and analytic estimation at a submillimeter level in penumbra of individual collimators with a combinational-collimated carbon-ion beam. The model computation is fast, accurate, and readily applicable to pencil-beam algorithms in treatment planning with capability of combinational collimation to make best use of the beam-customization devices.
In carbon-ion radiotherapy, single-beam delivery each day in alternate directions has been commonly practiced for operational efficiency, taking advantage of the Bragg peak and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for uniform dose conformation
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