اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدNew CO detections of lensed submillimeter galaxies in A2218: Probing molecular gas in the LIRG regime at high redshift
39
0
0.0
(
0
)
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
Context: Submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) are distant, dusty galaxies undergoing star formation at prodigious rates. Recently there has been major progress in understanding the nature of the bright SMGs (i.e. S(850um)>5mJy). The samples for the fainter SMGs are small and are currently in a phase of being built up through identification studies. Aims: We study the molecular gas content in two SMGs, SMMJ163555 and SMMJ163541, at z=1.034 and z=3.187 with unlensed submm fluxes of 0.4mJy and 6.0mJy. Both SMGs are gravitationally lensed by the foreground cluster A2218. Methods: IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometry observations at 3mm were obtained for the lines CO(2-1) for SMMJ163555 and CO(3-2) for SMMJ163541. Additionally we obtained CO(4-3) for the candidate z=4.048 SMMJ163556 with an unlensed submm flux of 2.7mJy. Results: CO(2-1) was detected for SMMJ163555 at z=1.0313 with an integrated line intensity of 1.2+-0.2Jy km/s and a line width of 410+-120 km/s. From this a gas mass of 1.6x10^9 Msun is derived and a star formation efficiency of 440Lsun/Msun is estimated. CO(3-2) was detected for SMMJ163541 at z=3.1824, possibly with a second component at z=3.1883, with an integrated line intensity of 1.0+-0.1 Jy km/s and a line width of 280+-50 km/s. From this a gas mass of 2.2x10^10 Msun is derived and a star formation efficiency of 1000 Lsun/Msun is estimated. For SMMJ163556 the CO(4-3) is undetected within the redshift range 4.035-4.082 down to a sensitivity of 0.15 Jy km/s. Conclusions: Our CO line observations confirm the optical redshifts for SMMJ163555 and SMMJ163541. The CO line luminosity L_CO for both galaxies is consistent with the L_FIR-L_CO relation. SMMJ163555 has the lowest FIR luminosity of all SMGs with a known redshift and is one of the few high redshift LIRGs whose properties can be estimated prior to ALMA.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
(abridged) We present the IRAM-30m observations of multiple-J CO and CI line emission in a sample of redshift ~2-4 Herschel-ATLAS SMGs. A non-negligible effect of differential lensing is found for the CO emission lines, which could have caused signif
icant underestimations of the linewidths, hence of the dynamical masses. The CO SLEDs are found to be similar to those of the local starburst-dominated ULIRGs and of the previously studied SMGs. After correcting for lensing amplification, we derived the global properties of the bulk of molecular gas in the SMGs using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling. The gas thermal pressure is found to be correlated with star formation efficiency. Further decomposing the CO SLEDs into two excitation components, we find a low-excitation component, which is less correlated with star formation, and a high-excitation one which is tightly related to the on-going star-forming activity. Additionally, tight linear correlations between the FIR and CO line luminosities have been confirmed for the $J ge 5$ CO lines, implying that these CO lines are good tracers of star formation. The [CI](2-1) lines follow the tight linear correlation between the luminosities of the [CI](2-1) and the CO(1-0) line found in local starbursts, indicating that CI lines could serve as good total molecular gas mass tracers for high-redshift SMGs. The total mass of the molecular gas reservoir, $(1-30) times 10^{10} M_odot$, suggests a typical molecular gas depletion time ~20-100 Myr and a gas to dust mass ratio ${delta}_{rm GDR}$~30-100. The ratio between CO line luminosity and the dust mass appears to be slowly increasing with redshift for the SMGs, which need to be further confirmed. Finally, through comparing the linewidth of CO and H2O lines, we find that they agree well in almost all our SMGs, confirming that the emitting regions are co-spatially located.
The Early Universe Molecular Emission Line Galaxies (EMGs) are a population of galaxies with only 36 examples that hold great promise for the study of galaxy formation and evolution at high redshift. The classification, luminosity of molecular line e
mission, molecular mass, far-infrared (FIR) luminosity, star formation efficiency, morphology, and dynamical mass of the currently known sample are presented and discussed. The star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosity range from about 300 to 5000 M(sun)per year and the molecular mass from 4 x 10^9 to 1 x 10^{11} M(sun). At the lower end, these star formation rates, gas masses, and diameters are similar to those of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies, and represent starbursts in centrally concentrated disks, sometimes, but not always, associated with active galactic nuclei. The evidence for large (> 5 kpc) molecular disks is limited. Morphology and several high angular resolution images suggest that some EMGs are mergers with a massive molecular interstellar medium in both components. A critical question is whether the EMGs, in particular those at the higher end of the gas mass and luminosity distribution, represent the formation of massive, giant elliptical galaxies in the early Universe. The sample size is expected to grow explosively in the era of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).
We perform simulations of the capabilities of the next generation Very Large Array in the context of imaging low order CO emission from typical high redshift star forming galaxies at ~ 1 kpc resolution. We adopt as a spatial and dynamical template th
e CO 1-0 emission from M 51, scaled accordingly for redshift, transition, and total gas mass. The molecular gas masses investigated are factors of 1.4, 3.5, and 12.5 larger that of M 51, at z = 0.5, 2, and 4.2, respectively. The z = 2 galaxy gas mass is comparable to the lowest mass galaxies currently being discovered in the deepest ALMA and NOEMA cosmological CO line surveys, corresponding to galaxies with star formation rates ~ 10 to 100 $M_odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The ngVLA will perform quality imaging at 1kpc resolution of the gas distribution and dynamics over this disk. We recover the overall rotation curve, galaxy orientation properties, and molecular ISM internal velocity dispersion. The model at z = 4.2 corresponds to a massive star forming main sequence disk (SFR ~ 130 $M_odot$ yr$^{-1}$). The ngVLA can obtain 1kpc resolution images of such a system in a reasonable integration time, and recover the basic galaxy orientation parameters, and, asymptotically, the maximum rotation velocity. We compare the ngVLA results with capabilities of ALMA and the Jansky VLA. ALMA and the VLA can detect the integrated low order CO emission from these galaxies, but lack the sensitivity to perform the high resolution imaging to recover the dynamics at 1kpc scales. To do so would require of order 1000 hrs per galaxy with these current facilities. We investigate a minimal ngVLA configuration, removing the longest baselines and much of the very compact core, and find good imaging can still be performed at 1 kpc resolution.
Observations using the 7 mm receiver system on the Australia Telescope Compact Array have revealed large reservoirs of molecular gas in two high-redshift radio galaxies: HATLAS J090426.9+015448 (z = 2.37) and HATLAS J140930.4+003803 (z = 2.04). Optic
ally the targets are very faint, and spectroscopy classifies them as narrow-line radio galaxies. In addition to harbouring an active galactic nucleus the targets share many characteristics of sub-mm galaxies. Far-infrared data from Herschel-ATLAS suggest high levels of dust (>10^9 M_solar) and a correspondingly large amount of obscured star formation (~1000 M_solar / yr). The molecular gas is traced via the J = 1-0 transition of 12CO, its luminosity implying total H_2 masses of (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10^11 and (9.5 +/- 2.4) x 10^10 (alpha_CO/0.8) M_solar in HATLAS J090426.9+015448 and HATLAS J140930.4+003803 respectively. Both galaxies exhibit molecular line emission over a broad (~1000 km/s) velocity range, and feature double-peaked profiles. We interpret this as evidence of either a large rotating disk or an on-going merger. Gas depletion timescales are ~100 Myr. The 1.4 GHz radio luminosities of our targets place them close to the break in the luminosity function. As such they represent `typical z > 2 radio sources, responsible for the bulk of the energy emitted at radio wavelengths from accretion-powered sources at high redshift, and yet they rank amongst the most massive systems in terms of molecular gas and dust content. We also detect 115 GHz rest-frame continuum emission, indicating a very steep high-radio-frequency spectrum, possibly classifying the targets as compact steep spectrum objects.
We study the Carbon Monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift (z~0-6), selected based on detections of their CO transiti
ons J=2-1 and 5-4 and their optical/infrared/(sub-)millimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We confirm the existence of a tight correlation between CO excitation as traced by the CO(5-4)/(2-1) line ratio (R52), and the mean ISRF intensity U as derived from infrared SED fitting using dust SED templates. By modeling the molecular gas density probability distribution function (PDF) in galaxies and predicting CO line ratios with large velocity gradient radiative transfer calculations, we present a framework linking global CO line ratios to the mean molecular hydrogen gas density nH2 and kinetic temperature Tkin. Mapping in this way observed R52 ratios to nH2 and Tkin probability distributions, we obtain positive U-nH2 and U-Tkin correlations, which imply a scenario in which the ISRF in galaxies is mainly regulated by Tkin and (non-linearly) by nH2. A small fraction of starburst galaxies showing enhanced nH2 could be due to merger-driven compaction. Our work demonstrates that ISRF and CO excitation are tightly coupled, and that density-PDF modeling is a promising tool for probing detailed ISM properties inside galaxies.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
