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We examine the global organization of heterogeneous equilibrium networks consisting of a number of well distinguished interconnected parts--``communities or modules. We develop an analytical approach allowing us to obtain the statistics of connected components and an intervertex distance distribution in these modular networks, and to describe their global organization and structure. In particular, we study the evolution of the intervertex distance distribution with an increasing number of interlinks connecting two infinitely large uncorrelated networks. We demonstrate that even a relatively small number of shortcuts unite the networks into one. In more precise terms, if the number of the interlinks is any finite fraction of the total number of connections, then the intervertex distance distribution approaches a delta-function peaked form, and so the network is united.
The combination of the compactness of networks, featuring small diameters, and their complex architectures results in a variety of critical effects dramatically different from those in cooperative systems on lattices. In the last few years, researche
We examine the global organization of growing networks in which a new vertex is attached to already existing ones with a probability depending on their age. We find that the network is infinite- or finite-dimensional depending on whether the attachme
Mapping the Internet generally consists in sampling the network from a limited set of sources by using traceroute-like probes. This methodology, akin to the merging of different spanning trees to a set of destinations, has been argued to introduce un
We introduce a minimal network model which generates a modular structure in a self-organized way. To this end, we modify the Barabasi-Albert model into the one evolving under the principle of division and independence as well as growth and preferenti
Universality in the behavior of complex systems often reveals itself in the form of scale-invariant distributions that are essentially independent of the details of the microscopic dynamics. A representative paradigm of complex behavior in nature is