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تسجيل مستخدم جديدMass Outflow and Chromospheric Activity of Red Giant Stars in Globular Clusters I: M15
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High resolution spectra of 110 selected red giant stars in the globular cluster M15 (NGC 7078) were obtained with Hectochelle at the MMT telescope in 2005 May, 2006 May, and 2006 October. Echelle orders containing Halpha and Ca H & K are used to identify emission and line asymmetries characterizing motions in the extended atmospheres. Emission in Halpha is detected to a luminosity of log (L/L_sun)=2.36, in this very metal deficient cluster, comparable to other studies, suggesting that appearance of emission wings is independent of stellar metallicity. The faintest stars showing Halpha emission appear to lie on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) in M15. A line-bisector technique for Halpha reveals outflowing velocities in all stars brighter than log (L/L_sun)=2.5, and this outflow velocity increases with stellar luminosity, indicating the mass outflow increases smoothly with luminosity. Many stars lying low on the AGB show exceptionally high outflow velocities (up to 10-15 km s^{-1}) and more velocity variability (up to 6-8 km s^{-1}), than red giant branch (RGB) stars of similar apparent magnitude. High velocities in M15 may be related to the low cluster metallicity. Dusty stars identified from Spitzer Space Telescope infrared photometry as AGB stars are confirmed as cluster members by radial velocity measurements, yet their Halpha profiles are similar to those of RGB stars without dust. If substantial mass loss creates the circumstellar shell responsible for infrared emission, such mass loss must be episodic.
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High resolution spectra of 123 red giant stars in the globular cluster M13 and 64 red giant stars in M92 were obtained with Hectochelle at the MMT telescope. Emission and line asymmetries in Halpha, and Ca K are identified, characterizing motions in
the extended atmospheres and seeking differences attributable to metallicity in these clusters and M15. On the red giant branch, emission in Halpha generally appears in stars with T_eff < 4500 K and log L/L_sun > 2.75. Fainter stars showing emission are asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars or perhaps binary stars. The line-bisector for Halpha reveals the onset of chromospheric expansion in stars more luminous than log L/L_sun ~ 2.5 in all clusters, and this outflow velocity increases with stellar luminosity. However, the coolest giants in the metal-rich M13 show greatly reduced outflow in Halpha most probably due to decreased T_eff and changing atmospheric structure. The Ca K_3 outflow velocities are larger than shown by Halpha at the same luminosity and signal accelerating outflows in the chromospheres. Stars clearly on the AGB show faster chromospheric outflows in Halpha than RGB objects. While the Halpha velocities on the RGB are similar for all metallicities, the AGB stars in the metal-poor M15 and M92 have higher outflow velocities than in the metal-rich M13. Comparison of these chromospheric line profiles in the paired metal-poor clusters, M15 and M92 shows remarkable similarities in the presence of emission and dynamical signatures, and does not reveal a source of the `second-parameter effect.
Chromospheric model calculations of the Halpha line for selected red giant branch (RGB) and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the globular clusters M13, M15, and M92 are constructed to derive mass loss rates. The model spectra are compared to th
e observations obtained with the Hectochelle on the MMT telescope. These stars show strong Halpha emissions and blue-shifted Halpha cores signaling that mass outflow is present in all stars. Outflow velocities of 3-19 km/s, larger than indicated by Halpha profiles, are needed in the upper chromosphere to achieve good agreement between the model spectra and the observations. The resulting mass loss rates range from 0.6*10^{-9} to 5*10^{-9} Msun/yr, which are about an order of magnitude lower than predicted from Reimers law or inferred from the infrared excess of similar stars. The mass loss rate increases slightly with luminosity and with decreasing effective temperature. Stars in the more metal-rich M13 have higher mass loss rates by a factor of ~2 than in the metal-poor clusters M15 and M92. A fit to the mass loss rates is given by: M [Msun/yr] = 0.092 * L^{0.16} * Teff^{-2.02} * A^{0.37} where A=10^[Fe/H]. Multiple observations of stars revealed one object in M15, K757, in which the mass outflow increased by a factor of 6 between two observations separated by 18 months. Other stars showed changes in mass loss rate by a factor of 1.5 or less.
The amount of mass lost by stars during the red-giant branch (RGB) phase is one of the main parameters to understand and correctly model the late stages of stellar evolution. Nevertheless, a fully-comprehensive knowledge of the RGB mass loss is still
missing. Galactic Globular Clusters (GCs) are ideal targets to derive empirical formulations of mass loss, but the presence of multiple populations with different chemical compositions has been a major challenge to constrain stellar masses and RGB mass losses. Recent work has disentangled the distinct stellar populations along the RGB and the horizontal branch (HB) of 46 GCs, thus providing the possibility to estimate the RGB mass loss of each stellar population. The mass losses inferred for the stellar populations with pristine chemical composition (called first-generation or 1G stars) tightly correlate with cluster metallicity. This finding allows us to derive an empirical RGB mass-loss law for 1G stars. In this paper we investigate seven GCs with no evidence of multiple populations and derive the RGB mass loss by means of high-precision {it Hubble-Space Telescope} photometry and accurate synthetic photometry. We find a cluster-to-cluster variation in the mass loss ranging from $sim$0.1 to $sim$0.3 $M_{odot}$. The RGB mass loss of simple-population GCs correlates with the metallicity of the host cluster. The discovery that simple-population GCs and 1G stars of multiple population GCs follow similar mass-loss vs. metallicity relations suggests that the resulting mass-loss law is a standard outcome of stellar evolution.
The location of Galactic Globular Clusters (GC) stars on the horizontal branch (HB) should mainly depend on GC metallicity, the first parameter, but it is actually the result of complex interactions between the red giant branch (RGB) mass loss, the c
oexistence of multiple stellar populations with different helium content, and the presence of a second parameter which produces dramatic differences in HB morphology of GCs of similar metallicity and ages (like the pair M3--M13). In this work, we combine the entire dataset from the Hubble Space Telescope Treasury survey and stellar evolutionary models, to analyse the HBs of 46 GCs. For the first time in a large sample of GCs, we generate population synthesis models, where the helium abundances for the first and the extreme second generations are constrained using independent measurements based on RGB stars. The main results are: 1) the mass loss of first generation stars is tightly correlated to cluster metallicity. 2) the location of helium enriched stars on the HB is reproduced only by adopting a higher RGB mass loss than for the first generation. The difference in mass loss correlates with helium enhancement and cluster mass. 3) A model of pre-main sequence disc early loss, previously developed by the authors, explains such a mass loss increase and is consistent with the findings of multiple-population formation models predicting that populations more enhanced in helium tend to form with higher stellar densities and concentrations. 4) Helium-enhancement and mass-loss both contribute to the second parameter.
We present a catalogue of homogeneous determined chromospheric emission (CE), stellar atmospheric parameters and ages for 1,674 FGK main sequence (MS), subgiant, and giant stars. The analysis of CE level and variability is also performed. We measured
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