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An analytical method was developed, to estimate uncertainties in full two-port Vector Network Analyzer measurements, using total differentials of S-parameters. System error uncertainties were also estimated from total differentials involving two triples of standards, in the Direct Through connection case. Standard load uncertainties and measurement inaccuracies were represented by independent differentials. Complex uncertainty in any quantity, differentiably dependent on S-parameters, is estimated by the corresponding Differential Error Region. Real uncertainties, rectangular and polar, are estimated by the orthogonal parallelogram and annular sector circumscribed about the Differential Error Region, respectively. From the users point of view, manufactures data may be used to set the independent differentials and apply the method. Demonstration results include: (1) System error differentials for Short, matching Load and Open pairs of opposite sex standards; (2) System error uncertainties for VNA extended by two lengthy transmission lines of opposite sex end-connectors; (3) High uncertainties in Z-parameters against frequency of an appropriately designed, DC resistive, T-Network; (4) Moderate uncertainties in amplitude and phase patterns of a designed UHF radial discone antenna (azimuthally rotated by a built positioner, under developed software control of a built hardware controller) polarization coupled with a constructed gain standard antenna (stationary) into an anechoic chamber.
The objective was to study uncertainty in antenna input impedance resulting from full one-port Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) measurements. The VNA process equation in the reflection coefficient p of a load, its measurement m and three errors Es -dete
Since S-parameter measurements without uncertainty cannot claim any credibility, the uncertainties in full two-port Vector Network Analyser (VNA) measurements were estimated using total complex differentials (Total Differential Errors). To express pr
The wide band of frequencies that includes all those allocated to 2G/3G applications was defined as 2G/3G band and the discone antenna with a structure of radial wires was defined as radial discone. This antenna was theoretically analysed and softwar
An extensive comparison of the path uncertainty in single particle tracking systems for ion imaging was carried out based on Monte Carlo simulations. The spatial resolution as function of system parameters such as geometry, detector properties and th
An analytical method was developed to estimate errors in quantities depended on full one-port vector network analyser (VNA) measurements using differentials and a complex differential error region (DER) was defined. To evaluate the method, difference