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Anthropic reasoning is a form of statistical reasoning based upon finding oneself a member of a particular reference class of conscious beings. By considering empirical distribution functions defined over animal life on Earth, we can deduce that the vast bulk of animal life is unlikely to be conscious.
High-order, beyond-pairwise interdependencies are at the core of biological, economic, and social complex systems, and their adequate analysis is paramount to understand, engineer, and control such systems. This paper presents a framework to measure
It is shown that prize changes of the US dollar - German Mark exchange rates upon different delay times can be regarded as a stochastic Marcovian process. Furthermore we show that from the empirical data the Kramers-Moyal coefficients can be estimate
We investigate a stationary processs crypticity---a measure of the difference between its hidden state information and its observed information---using the causal states of computational mechanics. Here, we motivate crypticity and cryptic order as ph
In this paper, we study a probabilistic reinforcement-learning model for ants searching for the shortest path(s) between their nest and a source of food. In this model, the nest and the source of food are two distinguished nodes $N$ and $F$ in a fini
We construct rich families of Schrodinger operators on symmetric graphs, both quantum and combinatorial, whose spectral degeneracies are persistently larger than the maximal dimension of an irreducible representations of the symmetry group.