A new model is proposed to a collapsing star consisting of an initial inhomogeneous energy density and anisotropic pressure fluid with shear, radial heat flow and outgoing radiation. In previous papers one of us has always assumed an initial star wit
h homogeneous energy density. The aim of this work is to generalize the previous models by introducing an initial inhomogeneous energy density and compare it to the initial homogeneous energy density collapse model. We will show the differences between these models in the evolution of all physical quantities that characterizes the gravitational collapse. The behavior of the energy density, pressure, mass, luminosity and the effective adiabatic index is analyzed. The pressure of the star, at the beginning of the collapse, is isotropic but due to the presence of the shear the pressure becomes more and more anisotropic. The black hole is never formed because the apparent horizon formation condition is never satisfied, in contrast of the previous model where a black hole is formed. An observer at infinity sees a radial point source radiating exponentially until reaches the time of maximum luminosity and suddenly the star turns off. In contrast of the former model where the luminosity also increases exponentially, reaching a maximum and after it decreases until the formation of the black hole. The effective adiabatic index is always positive without any discontinuity in contrast of the former model where there is a discontinuity around the time of maximum luminosity. The collapse is about three thousand times slower than in the case where the energy density is initially homogeneous.
We study the evolution of an anisotropic shear-free fluid with heat flux and kinematic self-similarity of the second kind. We found a class of solution to the Einstein field equations by assuming that the part of the tangential pressure which is expl
icitly time dependent of the fluid is zero and that the fluid moves along time-like geodesics. The energy conditions, geometrical and physical properties of the solutions are studied. The energy conditions are all satisfied at the beginning of the collapse but when the system approaches the singularity the energy conditions are violated, allowing for the appearance of an attractive phantom energy. We have found that, depending on the self-similar parameter $alpha$ and the geometrical radius, they may represent a naked singularity. We speculate that the apparent horizon disappears due to the emergence of exotic energy at the end of the collapse, or due to the characteristics of null acceleration systems as shown by recent work.
We consider a gravastar model made of anisotropic dark energy with an infinitely thin spherical shell of a perfect fluid with the equation of state $p = (1-gamma)sigma$ with an external de Sitter-Schwarzschild region. It is found that in some cases t
he models represent the bounded excursion stable gravastars, where the thin shell is oscillating between two finite radii, while in other cases they collapse until the formation of black holes or naked singularities. An interesting result is that we can have black hole and stable gravastar formation even with an interior and a shell constituted of dark and repulsive dark energy, as also shown in previous work. Besides, in three cases we have a dynamical evolution to a black hole (for $Lambda=0$) or to a naked singularity (for $Lambda > 0$). This is the first time in the literature that a naked singularity emerges from a gravastar model.
We consider a gravastar model made of anisotropic dark energy with an infinitely thin spherical shell of a perfect fluid with the equation of state $p = (1-gamma)sigma$ with an external de Sitter-Schwarzschild region. It is found that in some cases t
he models represent the bounded excursion stable gravastars, where the thin shell is oscillating between two finite radii, while in other cases they collapse until the formation of black holes or naked singularities. An interesting result is that we can have black hole and stable gravastar formation even with an interior and a shell cons tituted of dark and repulsive dark energy, as also shown in previous work. Besides, in one case we have a dynamical evolution to a black hole (for $Lambda =0$) or to a naked singularity (for $Lambda > 0$). This is the first time in the literature that a naked singularity emerges from a gravastar model.
Considering the evolution of a perfect fluid with self-similarity of the second kind, we have found that an initial naked singularity can be trapped by an event horizon due to collapsing matter. The fluid moves along time-like geodesics with a self-s
imilar parameter $alpha = -3$. Since the metric obtained is not asymptotically flat, we match the spacetime of the fluid with a Schwarzschild spacetime. All the energy conditions are fulfilled until the naked singularity.
Since the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe, it was necessary to introduce a new component of matter distribution called dark energy. The standard cosmological model considers isotropy of the pressure and assumes an equation of s
tate $p=omega rho$, relating the pressure $p$ and the energy density $rho$. The interval of the parameter $omega$ defines the kind of matter of the universe, related to the fulfillment, or not, of the energy conditions of the fluid. The recent interest in this kind of fluid with anisotropic pressure, in the scenario of the gravitational collapse and star formation, imposes a carefull analysis of the energy conditions and the role of the components of the pressure. Here, in this work, we show an example where the classification of dark energy for isotropic pressure fluids is used incorrectly for anisotropic fluids. The correct classification and its consequences are presented.
