The broken symmetry that develops below 17.5K in the heavy fermion compound URu2Si2 has long eluded identification. Here we argue that the recent observation of Ising quasiparticles in URu2Si2 results from a spinor hybridization order parameter that
breaks double time-reversal symmetry by mixing states of integer and half-integer spin. Such hastatic order (hasta:[Latin]spear) hybridizes Kramers conduction electrons with Ising, non-Kramers 5f2 states of the uranium atoms to produce Ising quasiparticles. The development of a spinorial hybridization at 17.5K accounts for both the large entropy of condensation and the magnetic anomaly observed in torque magnetometry. This paper develops the theory of hastatic order in detail, providing the mathematical development of its key concepts. Hastatic order predicts a tiny transverse moment in the conduction sea, a collosal Ising anisotropy in the nonlinear susceptibility anomaly and a resonant energy-dependent nematicity in the tunneling density of states.
Adding a second Kondo channel to heavy fermion materials reveals new exotic symmetry breaking phases associated with the development of Kondo coherence. In this paper, we review two such phases, the hastatic order associated with non-Kramers doublet
ground states, where the two-channel nature of the Kondo coupling is guaranteed by virtual valence fluctuations to an excited Kramers doublet, and composite pair superconductivity, where the two channels differ by charge 2e and can be thought of as virtual valence fluctuations to a pseudo-isospin doublet. The similarities and differences between these two orders will be discussed, along with possible realizations in actinide and rare earth materials like URu2Si2 and NpPd5Al2.
The hidden order developing below 17.5K in the heavy fermion material URu2Si2 has eluded identification for over twenty five years. This paper will review the recent theory of ``hastatic order, a novel two-component order parameter capturing the hybr
idization between half-integer spin (Kramers) conduction electrons and the non-Kramers 5f^2 Ising local moments, as strongly indicated by the observation of Ising quasiparticles in de Haas-van Alphen measurements. Hastatic order differs from conventional magnetism as it is a spinor order that breaks both single and double time-reversal symmetry by mixing states of different Kramers parity. The broken time-reversal symmetry simply explains both the pseudo-Goldstone mode between the hidden order and antiferromagnetic phases and the nematic order seen in torque magnetometry. The spinorial nature of the hybridization also explains how the Kondo effect gives a phase transition, with the hybridization gap turning on at the hidden order transition as seen in scanning tunneling microscopy. Hastatic order also has a number of new predictions: a basal-plane magnetic moment of order .01mu_B, a gap to longitudinal spin fluctuations that vanishes continuously at the first order antiferromagnetic transition and a narrow resonant nematic feature in the scanning tunneling spectra.
We introduce the idea of emergent lattices, where a simple lattice decouples into two weakly-coupled lattices as a way to stabilize spin liquids. In LiZn2Mo3O8, the disappearance of 2/3rds of the spins at low temperatures suggests that its triangular
lattice decouples into an emergent honeycomb lattice weakly coupled to the remaining spins, and we suggest several ways to test this proposal. We show that these orphan spins act to stabilize the spin-liquid in the $J_1-J_2$ honeycomb model and also discuss a possible 3D analogue, Ba2MoYO6 that may form a depleted fcc lattice.
Identifying the time reversal symmetry of spins as a symplectic symmetry, we develop a large N approximation for quantum magnetism that embraces both antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism. In SU(N), N>2, not all spins invert under time reversal, so w
e have introduced a new large N treatment which builds interactions exclusively out of the symplectic subgroup [SP(N)] of time reversing spins, a more stringent condition than the symplectic symmetry of previous SP(N) large N treatments. As a result, we obtain a mean field theory that incorporates the energy cost of frustrated bonds. When applied to the frustrated square lattice, the ferromagnetic bonds restore the frustration dependence of the critical spin in the Neel phase, and recover the correct frustration dependence of the finite temperature Ising transition.
