Active galactic nuclei synapses: X-ray versus optical classifications using artificial neural networks

(Abridged) Many classes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been defined entirely throughout optical wavelengths while the X-ray spectra have been very useful to investigate their inner regions. However, optical and X-ray results show many discrepancies that have not been fully understood yet. The aim of this paper is to study the synapses between the X-ray and optical classifications. For the first time, the new EFLUXER task allowed us to analyse broad band X-ray spectra of emission line nuclei (ELN) without any prior spectral fitting using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Our sample comprises 162 XMM-Newton/pn spectra of 90 local ELN in the Palomar sample. It includes starbursts (SB), transition objects (T2), LINERs (L1.8 and L2), and Seyferts (S1, S1.8, and S2). The ANNs are 90% efficient at classifying the trained classes S1, S1.8, and SB. The S1 and S1.8 classes show a wide range of S1- and S1.8-like components. We suggest that this is related to a large degree of obscuration at X-rays. The S1, S1.8, S2, L1.8, L2/T2/SB-AGN (SB with indications of AGN), and SB classes have similar average X-ray spectra within each class, but these average spectra can be distinguished from class to class. The S2 (L1.8) class is linked to the S1.8 (S1) class with larger SB-like component than the S1.8 (S1) class. The L2, T2, and SB-AGN classes conform a class in the X-rays similar to the S2 class albeit with larger fractions of SB-like component. This SB-like component is the contribution of the star-formation in the host galaxy, which is large when the AGN is weak. An AGN-like component seems to be present in the vast majority of the ELN, attending to the non-negligible fraction of S1-like or S1.8-like component. This trained ANN could be used to infer optical properties from X-ray spectra in surveys like eRosita.

Dust in active galactic nuclei. Mid-infrared T-ReCS/Gemini spectra using the new RedCan pipeline

The unified model of active galactic nuclei (AGN) claims that the properties of AGN depend on the viewing angle of the observer with respect to a toroidal distribution of dust surrounding the nucleus. Both the mid-infrared (MIR) attenuation and continuum luminosity are expected to be related to dust associated with the torus. Therefore, isolating the nuclear component is essential to study the MIR emission of AGN. We have compiled all the T-ReCS spectra (Gemini observatory) available in the N-band for 22 AGN: 5 Type-1 and 17 Type-2 AGN. The high angular resolution of the T-ReCs spectra allows us to probe physical regions of 57 pc (median). We have used a novel pipeline called RedCan capable of producing flux- and wavelength-calibrated spectra for the CanariCam (GTC) and T-ReCS (Gemini) instruments. We have measured the fine-structure [SIV] at 10.5 microns and the PAH at 11.3 microns line strengths together with the silicate absorption/emission features. We have also compiled Spitzer/IRS spectra to understand how spatial resolution influences the results. The 11.3 microns PAH feature is only clearly detected in the nuclear spectra of two AGN, while it is more common in the Spitzer data. For those two objects the AGN emission in NGC7130 accounts for more than 80% of the MIR continuum at 12 microns while in the case of NGC1808 the AGN is not dominating the MIR emission. This is confirmed by the correlation between the MIR and X-ray continuum luminosities. The [SIV] emission line at 10.5 microns, which is believed to originate in the narrow line region, is detected in most AGN. We have found an enhancement of the optical depth at 9.7 microns in the high-angular resolution data for higher values of NH. Clumpy torus models reproduce the observed values only if the host-galaxy properties are taken into account.