The paradigm of Lambda CDM cosmology works impressively well and with the concept of inflation it explains the universe after the time of decoupling. However there are still a few concerns; after much effort there is no detection of dark matter and t
here are significant problems in the theoretical description of dark energy. We will consider a variant of the cosmological spherical shell model, within FRW formalism and will compare it with the standard Lambda CDM model. We will show that our new topological model satisfies cosmological principles and is consistent with all observable data, but that it may require new interpretation for some data. Considered will be constraints imposed on the model, as for instance the range for the size and allowed thickness of the shell, by the supernovae luminosity distance and CMB data. In this model propagation of the light is confined along the shell, which has as a consequence that observed CMB originated from one point or a limited space region. It allows to interpret the uniformity of the CMB without inflation scenario. In addition this removes any constraints on the uniformity of the universe at the early stage and opens a possibility that the universe was not uniform and that creation of galaxies and large structures is due to the inhomogeneities that originated in the Big Bang.
The cosmological redshifts z in the frequencies of spectral lines from distant galaxies as compared with their values observed in terrestrial laboratories, which are due to the scale factor a(t), frequently are interpret as a special-relativistic Dop
pler shift alone. We will demonstrate that this interpretation is not correct and that the contribution of the gravitational redshift is always present and significant. We will show that the gravitational redshift is actually about the same magnitude as the cosmological redshift, but that only for cosmological models without the dark energy component cosmological and gravitational redshift can be considered to be the same. Significant contribution of the gravitational redshift due to the gravitational field of the Universe, which is ignored in interpretation of the observational data, could have significant impact on cosmological theories. We will first calculate contributions of gravitational redshift to CMB and time dilation of Type Ia supernovae, and use it to explain the excess redshifts of quasars and active galaxies, and redshifts of companion galaxies of stars. We will show its possible implications on the interpretation of mass density of matter and mass as function of cosmological time. Finally we will demonstrate that taking into account gravitational redshift allows to interpret luminosity distance and surface brightness of distant galaxies to be consistent with the static universe cosmological models.
