There has been considerable interest in recent experiments on iron nuclear disintegrations observed when rocks containing such nuclei are crushed and fractured. The resulting nuclear transmutations are particularly strong for the case of magnetite ro
cks, i.e. loadstones. We argue that the fission of the iron nucleus is a consequence of photo-disintegration. The electro-strong coupling between electromagnetic fields and nuclear giant dipole resonances are central for producing observed nuclear reactions. The large electron energies produced during the fracture of piezomagnetic rocks are closely analogous to the previously discussed case of the fracture of piezoelectric rocks. In both cases electro-weak interactions can produce neutrons and neutrinos from energetic protons and electrons thus inducing nuclear transmutations. The electro-strong condensed matter coupling discussed herein represents new many body collective nuclear photo-disintegration effects.
Employing the weak interaction reaction wherein a heavy electron is captured by a proton to produce a neutron and a neutrino, the neutron production rate for neutral hydrogen gases and for fully ionized plasmas is computed. Using the Coulomb atomic b
ound state wave functions of a neutral hydrogen gas, our production rate results are in agreement with recent estimates by Maiani {it et al}. Using Coulomb scattering state wave functions for the fully ionized plasma, we find a substantially enhanced neutron production rate. The scattering wave function should replace the bound state wave function for estimates of the enhanced neutron production rate on water plasma drenched cathodes of chemical cells.
Employing concrete examples from nuclear physics it is shown that low energy nuclear reactions can and have been induced by all of the four fundamental interactions (i) (stellar) gravitational, (ii) strong, (iii) electromagnetic and (iv) weak. Differ
ences are highlighted through the great diversity in the rates and similarity through the nature of the nuclear reactions initiated by each.
Soft multi-photon radiation from hard higher energy reaction sources can be employed to describe three major well established properties of biophoton radiation; Namely, (i) the mild radiation intensity decreases for higher frequencies, (ii) the coher
ent state Poisson counting statistics, and (iii) the time delayed luminescence with a hyperbolic time tail. Since the soft photon frequencies span the visible to the ultraviolet frequency range, the hard reaction sources have energies extending into the nuclear transmutation regime.
For a bound state internal wave function respecting parity symmetry, it can be rigorously argued that the mean electric dipole moment must be strictly zero. Thus, both the neutron, viewed as a bound state of three quarks, and the water molecule, view
ed as a bound state of ten electrons two protons and an oxygen nucleus, both have zero mean electric dipole moments. Yet, the water molecule is said to have a nonzero dipole moment strength $d=eLambda $ with $Lambda_{H_2O} approx 0.385 dot{A}$. The neutron may also be said to have an electric dipole moment strength with $Lambda_{neutron} approx 0.612 fm$. The neutron analysis can be made experimentally consistent, if one employs a quark-diquark model of neutron structure.
Inclusion of down to zero-momentum gluons and their k_t resummation is shown to quench the too fast rise of the mini jet cross section and thereby obtain realistic total cross-sections.
In a series of papers, cited in the main body of the paper below, detailed calculations have been presented which show that electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of
processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow moving electrons can -under appropriate circumstances- be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons via weak interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge upon various examples analyzed previously, present simplified order of magnitude estimates for each and to illuminate a common unifying theme amongst all of them.
Collective Ampere law interactions producing magnetic flux tubes piercing through sunspots into and then out of the solar corona allow for low energy nuclear reactions in a steady state and high energy particle reactions if a magnetic flux tube explo
des in a violent event such as a solar flare. Filamentous flux tubes themselves are vortices of Ampere currents circulating around in a tornado fashion in a roughly cylindrical geometry. The magnetic field lines are parallel to and largely confined within the core of the vortex. The vortices may thereby be viewed as long current carrying coils surrounding magnetic flux and subject to inductive Faraday and Ampere laws. These laws set the energy scales of (i) low energy solar nuclear reactions which may regularly occur and (ii) high energy electro-weak interactions which occur when magnetic flux coils explode into violent episodic events such as solar flares or coronal mass ejections.
Hagelstein and Chaudhary have recently criticized our low energy nuclear reaction rates in chemical cells based on our computed electron mass renormalization for surface electrons of metal hydride electrodes. They further criticize our electron mass
renormalization in exploding wire systems which is very strange because mass renormalization was {em never even mentioned} in our exploding wire work. Here we show that the calculations of Hagelstein and Chaudhary are erroneous in that they are in conflict with the Gauss law, i.e. they have arbitrarily removed all Coulomb interactions in electromagnetic propagators. They have also ignored substantial Ampere interactions in favor of computing only totally negligible contributions. When the fallacious considerations of Hagelstein and Chaudhary are clearly exposed, it becomes evident that our previous calculations remain valid.
The well known Klein paradox for the relativistic Dirac wave equation consists in the computation of possible ``negative probabilities induced by certain potentials in some regimes of energy. The paradox may be resolved employing the notion of electr
on-positron pair production in which the number of electrons present in a process can increase. The Klein paradox also exists in Maxwells equations viewed as the wave equation for photons. In a medium containing ``inverted energy populations of excited atoms, e.g. in a LASER medium, one may again compute possible ``negative probabilities. The resolution of the electromagnetic Klein paradox is that when the atoms decay, the final state may contain more photons then were contained the initial state. The optical theorem total cross section for scattering photons from excited state atoms may then be computed as negative within a frequency band with matter induced amplification.
