We have studied magneto-optical traps (MOTs) for efficient on-line trapping of radioactive atoms. After discussing a model of the trapping process in a vapor cell and its efficiency, we present the results of detailed experimental studies on Rb MOTs.
Three spherical cells of different sizes were used. These cells can be easily replaced, while keeping the rest of the apparatus unchanged: atomic sources, vacuum conditions, magnetic field gradients, sizes and power of the laser beams, detection system. By direct comparison, we find that the trapping efficiency only weakly depends on the MOT cell size. It is also found that the trapping efficiency of the MOT with the smallest cell, whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the trapping beams, is about 40% smaller than the efficiency of larger cells. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the importance of two factors: a long coated tube at the entrance of the MOT cell, used instead of a diaphragm; and the passivation with an alkali vapor of the coating on the cell walls, in order to minimize the losses of trappable atoms. These results guided us in the construction of an efficient large-diameter cell, which has been successfully employed for on-line trapping of Fr isotopes at INFNs national laboratories in Legnaro, Italy.
We report the first measurement of the diffusion coefficients of francium and rubidium ions implanted in a yttrium foil. We developed a methodology, based on laser spectroscopy, which can be applied to radioactive and stable species, and allows us to
directly take record of the diffusion time. Francium isotopes are produced via fusion-evaporation nuclear reaction of a 100 MeV 18-O beam on a Au target at the Tandem XTU accelerator facility in Legnaro, Italy. Francium is ionized at the gold-vacuum interface and Fr+ ions are then transported with a 3 keV electrostatic beamline to a cell for neutralization and capture in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). A Rb+ beam is also available, which follows the same path as Fr+ ions. The accelerated ions are focused and implanted in a 25 um thick yttrium foil for neutralization: after diffusion to the surface, they are released as neutrals, since the Y work function is lower than the alkali ionization energies. The time evolution of the MOT and the vapor fluorescence signals are used to determine diffusion times of Fr and Rb in Y as a function of temperature.
We present the accurate measurement of the frequency of the $7S-7P$ laser-trapping transition for three francium isotopes. Our approach is based on an interferometric comparison to deduce the unknown laser frequency from a secondary laser frequency-s
tandard. After careful investigation of systematics, with samples of about 100 atoms the final accuracy reaches 8 MHz, an order of magnitude better than the best previous measurement for $^{210}$Fr, and opens the way to improved tests of the theoretical computation of Fr atomic structure.
