We analyze the spectral properties of a $d$-dimensional HyperCubic (HC) lattice model originally introduced by Parisi. The U(1) gauge links of this model give rise to a magnetic flux of constant magnitude $phi$ but random orientation through the face
s of the hypercube. The HC model, which also can be written as a model of $2d$ interacting Majorana fermions, has a spectral flow that is reminiscent of the Maldacena-Qi (MQ) model, and its spectrum at $phi=0$, actually coincides with the coupling term of the MQ model. As was already shown by Parisi, at leading order in $1/d$ , the spectral density of this model is given by the density function of the Q-Hermite polynomials, which is also the spectral density of the double-scaled Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. Parisi demonstrated this by mapping the moments of the HC model to $Q$-weighted sums on chord diagrams. We point out that the subleading moments of the HC model can also be mapped to weighted sums on chord diagrams, in a manner that descends from the leading moments. The HC model has a magnetic inversion symmetry that depends on both the magnitude and the orientation of the magnetic flux through the faces of the hypercube. The spectrum for fixed quantum number of this symmetry exhibits a transition from regular spectra at $phi=0$ to chaotic spectra with spectral statistics given by the Gaussian Unitary Ensembles (GUE) for larger values of $phi$. For small magnetic flux, the ground state is gapped and is close to a Thermofield Double (TFD) state.
We present a detailed quantitative analysis of spectral correlations in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. We find that the deviations from universal Random Matrix Theory (RMT) behavior are due to a small number of long-wavelength fluctuations from o
ne realization of the ensemble to the next one. These modes can be parameterized effectively in terms of Q-Hermite orthogonal polynomials, the main contribution being the scale fluctuations for which we give a simple estimate. Our numerical results for $N=32$ show that only the lowest eight polynomials are needed to eliminate the nonuniversal part of the spectral fluctuations. The covariance matrix of the coefficients of this expansion is obtained analytically from low-order double-trace moments. We evaluate the covariance matrix of the first six moments and find that it agrees with the numerics. We also analyze the spectral correlations using a nonlinear $sigma$-model, which is derived through a Fierz transformation, and evaluate the one and two-point spectral correlator to two-loop order. The wide correlator is given by the sum of the universal RMT result and corrections whose lowest-order term corresponds to scale fluctuations. However, the loop expansion of the $sigma$-model results in an ill-behaved expansion of the resolvent, and it gives universal RMT fluctuations not only for $q=4$ but also for the $q=2$ SYK model while the correct result in this case should have been Poisson statistics. We analyze the number variance and spectral form factor for $N=32$ and $q=4$ numerically. We show that the quadratic deviation of the number variance for large energies appears as a peak for small times in the spectral form factor. After eliminating the long-wavelength fluctuations, we find quantitative agreement with RMT up to an exponentially large number of level spacings or exponentially short times, respectively.
In this paper we explain the relation between the free energy of the SYK model for $N$ Majorana fermions with a random $q$-body interaction and the moments of its spectral density. The high temperature expansion of the free energy gives the cumulants
of the spectral density. Using that the cumulants are extensive we find the $p$ dependence of the $1/N^2$ correction of the $2p$-th moments obtained in 1801.02696. Conversely, the $1/N^2$ corrections to the moments give the correction (even $q$) to the $beta^6$ coefficient of the high temperature expansion of the free energy for arbitrary $q$. Our result agrees with the $1/q^3$ correction obtained by Tarnopolsky using a mean field expansion. These considerations also lead to a more powerful method for solving the moment problem and intersection-graph enumeration problems. We take advantage of this and push the moment calculation to $1/N^3$ order and find surprisingly simple enumeration identities for intersection graphs. The $1/N^3$ corrections to the moments, give corrections to the $beta^8$ coefficient (for even $q$) of the high temperature expansion of the free energy which have not been calculated before. Results for odd $q$, where the SYK `Hamiltonian is the supercharge of a supersymmetric theory are discussed as well.
We investigate the supersymmetric Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model, $N$ Majorana fermions with infinite range interactions in $0+1$ dimensions. We have found that, close to the ground state $E approx 0$, discrete symmetries alter qualitatively the spect
ral properties with respect to the non-supersymmetric SYK model. The average spectral density at finite $N$, which we compute analytically and numerically, grows exponentially with $N$ for $E approx 0$. However the chiral condensate, which is normalized with respect the total number of eigenvalues, vanishes in the thermodynamic limit. Slightly above $E approx 0$, the spectral density grows exponential with the energy. Deep in the quantum regime, corresponding to the first $O(N)$ eigenvalues, the average spectral density is universal and well described by random matrix ensembles with chiral and superconducting discrete symmetries. The dynamics for $E approx 0$ is investigated by level fluctuations. Also in this case we find excellent agreement with the prediction of chiral and superconducting random matrix ensembles for eigenvalues separations smaller than the Thouless energy, which seems to scale linearly with $N$. Deviations beyond the Thouless energy, which describes how ergodicity is approached, are universality characterized by a quadratic growth of the number variance. In the time domain, we have found analytically that the spectral form factor $g(t)$, obtained from the connected two-level correlation function of the unfolded spectrum, decays as $1/t^2$ for times shorter but comparable to the Thouless time with $g(0)$ related to the coefficient of the quadratic growth of the number variance. Our results provide further support that quantum black holes are ergodic and therefore can be classified by random matrix theory.
We propose new gradient flows that define Lefschetz thimbles and do not blow up in a finite flow time. We study analytic properties of these gradient flows, and confirm them by numerical tests in simple examples.
We show analytically that the spectral density of the $q$-body Sachdeev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model agrees with that of Q-Hermite polynomials with Q a non-trivial function of $q ge 2$ and the number of Majorana fermions $N gg 1$. Numerical results, obtaine
d by exact diagonalization, are in excellent agreement with the analytical spectral density even for relatively small $N sim 8$. For $N gg 1$ and not close to the edge of the spectrum, we find the macroscopic spectral density simplifies to $rho(E) sim exp[2arcsin^2(E/E_0)/log eta]$, where $eta$ is the suppression factor of the contribution of intersecting Wick contractions relative to nested contractions. This spectral density reproduces the known result for the free energy in the large $q$ and $N$ limit. In the infrared region, where the SYK model is believed to have a gravity-dual, the spectral density is given by $rho(E) sim sinh[2pi sqrt 2 sqrt{(1-E/E_0)/(-log eta)}]$. It therefore has a square-root edge, as in random matrix ensembles, followed by an exponential growth, a distinctive feature of black holes and also of low energy nuclear excitations. Results for level-statistics in this region confirm the agreement with random matrix theory. Physically this is a signature that, for sufficiently long times, the SYK model and its gravity dual evolve to a fully ergodic state whose dynamics only depends on the global symmetry of the system. Our results strongly suggest that random matrix correlations are a universal feature of quantum black holes and that the SYK model, combined with holography, may be relevant to model certain aspects of the nuclear dynamics.
We study spectral and thermodynamic properties of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model, a variant of the $k$-body embedded random ensembles studied for several decades in the context of nuclear physics and quantum chaos. We show analytically that the fourth a
nd sixth order energy cumulants vanish in the limit of large number of particles $N to infty$ which is consistent with a Gaussian spectral density. However, for finite $N$, the tail of the average spectral density is well approximated by a semi-circle law. The specific heat coefficient, determined numerically from the low temperature behavior of the partition function, is consistent with the value obtained by previous analytical calculations. For energy scales of the order of the mean level spacing we show that level statistics are well described by random matrix theory. Due to the underlying Clifford algebra of the model, the universality class of the spectral correlations depends on $N$. For larger energy separations we identify an energy scale that grows with $N$, reminiscent of the Thouless energy in mesoscopic physics, where deviations from random matrix theory are observed. Our results are a further confirmation that the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model is quantum chaotic for all time scales. According to recent claims in the literature, this is an expected feature in field theories with a gravity-dual.
We analyze Dirac spectra of two-dimensional QCD like theories both in the continuum and on the lattice and classify them according to random matrix theories sharing the same global symmetries. The classification is different from QCD in four dimensio
ns because the anti-unitary symmetries do not commute with $gamma_5$. Therefore in a chiral basis, the number of degrees of freedom per matrix element are not given by the Dyson index. Our predictions are confirmed by Dirac spectra from quenched lattice simulations for QCD with two or three colors with quarks in the fundamental representation as well as in the adjoint representation. The universality class of the spectra depends on the parity of the number of lattice points in each direction. Our results show an agreement with random matrix theory that is qualitatively similar to the agreement found for QCD in four dimensions. We discuss the implications for the Mermin-Wagner-Coleman theorem and put our results in the context of two-dimensional disordered systems.
At nonzero lattice spacing the QCD partition function with Wilson quarks undergoes either a second order phase transition to the Aoki phase for decreasing quark mass or shows a first order jump when the quark mass changes sign. We discuss these phase
transitions in terms of Wilson Dirac spectra and show that the first order scenario can only occur in the presence of dynamical quarks while in the quenched case we can only have a transition to the Aoki phase. The exact microscopic spectral density of the non-Hermitian Wilson Dirac operator with dynamical quarks is discussed as well. We conclude with some remarks on discretization effects for the overlap Dirac operator.
