Encapsulation of a single water molecule in fullerene-C60 via chemical surgery provides a unique opportunity to study the distinct rotational dynamics of the water spin isomers at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we employ single-cycle terahertz (THz) p
ulses to coherently excite the low-frequency rotational motion of ortho- and para-water, encapsulated in fullerene-C60. The THz pulse slightly orients the water electric dipole moments along the field polarization leading to the subsequent emission of electromagnetic waves, which we resolve via the field-free electro-optic sampling technique. At temperatures above ~100 K, the rotation of water in its cage is overdamped and no emission is resolved. At lower temperatures, the water rotation gains a long coherence decay time, allowing observation of the coherent emission for 10-15 ps after the initial excitation. We observe the real-time change of the emission pattern after cooling to 4 K, corresponding to the conversion of a mixture of ortho-water to para-water over the course of 10 hours.
Evolutions of Geant4 code have affected the simulation of electron backscattering with respect to previously published results. Their effects are quantified by analyzing the compatibility of the simulated electron backscattering fraction with a large
collection of experimental data for a wide set of physics configuration options available in Geant4. Special emphasis is placed on two electron scattering implementations first released in Geant4 version 10.2: the Goudsmit-Saunderson multiple scattering model and a single Coulomb scattering model based on Mott cross section calculation. The new Goudsmit-Saunderson multiple scattering model appears to perform equally or less accurately than the model implemented in previous Gean
A test of Geant4 simulation of electron backscattering recently published in this journal prompted further investigation into the causes of the observed behaviour. An interplay between features of geometry and physics algorithms implemented in Geant4
is found to significantly affect the accuracy of backscattering simulation in some physics configurations.
The first results of a project in progress for the validation of the simulation of electron-positron pair production are presented. They concern the pair production cross section in a low energy range close to the production threshold. The results hi
nt to effects due to the granularity of tabulated cross sections.
