Up to now, the existence of intrinsic (or valence-like) heavy quark components of the proton distribution function has not yet been confirmed or rejected. We show that this hypothesis can be verified at experiments on the inclusive production of the
open strangeness (NA61) and at measurements of prompt photons or vector bosons accompanied by heavy flavour jets performed at LHC, CERN. Our theoretical study demonstrates that investigations of the intrinsic heavy quark contributions look very promising in hard processes like $pprightarrow K^pm+X$ and $pprightarrowgamma/Z/W +c(b)+X$. A possible observation of these components at the CBM, NICA experiments is discussed also.
The production of heavy flavour hadrons in $pp$ collisions at large values of their transverse momenta can be a new unique source for estimation of intrinsic heavy quark contribution to the proton. We analyze the inclusive production of the open stra
ngeness and the semi-inclusive hard processes of the photon and vector boson production accompanied by the $c$- or $b$-jets in $pp$ collisions. We show that one should select the parton-level (sub)processes (and final-state signatures) that are the most sensitive to the intrinsic heavy quark contributions. We present some predictions for these processes made within the perturbative QCD including the intrinsic strangeness and intrinsic charm in the proton that can be verified in the NA61 experiment and at LHC.
We analyze the inclusive spectra of hadrons produced in $pp$ collisions at high energies in the mid-rapidity region within the soft QCD and perturbative QCD assuming the possible creation of the soft gluons at low intrinsic transverse momenta $k_t$.
From the best description of the LHC data we found the parametrization of the unintegrated gluon distribution which at low $k_t$ is different from the one obtained within the perturbative QCD.
We suggest a duality between the standard (dynamical) and statistical distributions of partons in the nucleons. The temperature parameter entering into the statistical form for the quark distributions is estimated. It is found that this effective tem
perature is practically the same for the dependence on longitudinal and transverse momenta and, in turn, it is close to the freeze-out temperature in high energy heavy-ion collisions.
Hadron inclusive spectra in pp collisions are analyzed within the modified quark-gluon string model including both the longitudinal and transverse motion of quarks in the proton in the wide region of initial energies. The self-consistent analysis sho
ws that the experimental data on the inclusive spectra of light hadrons like pions and kaons at ISR energies can be satisfactorily described at transverse momenta not larger than 1-2 GeV/c. We discuss some difficulties to apply this model at energies above the ISR and suggest to include the distribution of gluons in the proton unintegrated over the internal transverse momentum. It leads to an increase in the inclusive spectra of hadrons and allows us to extend the satisfactory description of the data in the central rapidity region at energies higher than ISR.
The hadron inclusive spectra in pp collisions at high energies are analyzed within a soft QCD model, namely the quark-gluon string model. In addition to the sea quark distribution in the incoming proton we consider also the unintegrated gluon distrib
ution that has an increasing behaviour when the gluon transverse momentum grows. It leads to an increase of the inclusive spectra of hadrons and their multiplicity in the central rapidity region of pp collision at LHC energies.
The production of charmed and beauty baryons in proton-proton collisions at high energies is analyzed within the modified quark-gluon string model. We present some predictions for the experiments on the forward beauty baryon production in pp collisio
ns at LHC energies. This analysis allows us to find useful information on the Regge trajectories of the heavy (b barb) mesons and the sea beauty quark distributions in the proton.
The production of charmed and beauty hadrons in proton-proton collisions at high energies are analyzed within the modified quark-gluon string model (QGSM) including the internal motion of quarks in colliding hadrons. We present some predictions for t
he future experiments on the beauty baryon production in $pp$ collisions at LHC energies. This analysis allows us to find interesting information on the Regge trajectories of the heavy (b{bar b}) mesons and the sea beauty quark distributions in the proton.
