Universal Non-Gaussian Initial Conditions for N-body Simulations

In this paper we present the implementation of an efficient formalism for the generation of arbitrary non-Gaussian initial conditions for use in N-body simulations. The methodology involves the use of a separable modal approach for decomposing a primordial bispectrum or trispectrum. This approach allows for the far more efficient generation of the non-Gaussian initial conditions already described in the literature, as well as the generation for the first time of non-separable bispectra and the special class of diagonal-free trispectra. The modal approach also allows for the reconstruction of the spectra from given realisations, a fact which is exploited to provide an accurate consistency check of the simulations.

Optimal Trispectrum Estimators and WMAP Constraints

We present an implementation of an optimal CMB trispectrum estimator which accounts for anisotropic noise and incomplete sky coverage. We use a general separable mode expansion which can and has been applied to constrain both primordial and late-time models. We validate our methods on large angular scales using known analytic results in the Sachs-Wolfe limit. We present the first near-optimal trispectrum constraints from WMAP data on the cubic term of local model inflation $ g_{rm NL} = (1.6 pm 7.0)times 10^5$, for the equilateral model $t_{rm NL}^{rm{equil}}=(-3.11pm 7.5)times 10^6 $ and for the constant model $t_{rm NL}^{rm{const}}=(-1.33pm 3.62)$. These results, particularly the equilateral constraint, are relevant to a number of well-motivated models (such as DBI and K-inflation) with closely correlated trispectrum shapes. We also use the trispectrum signal predicted for cosmic strings to provide a conservative upper limit on the string tension $Gmu le 1.1times 10^{-6}$ (at 95% confidence), which is largely background and model independent. All these new trispectrum results are consistent with a Gaussian Universe. We discuss the importance of constraining general classes of trispectra using these methods and the prospects for higher precision with the Planck satellite.

Rapid Separable Analysis of Higher Order Correlators in Large Scale Structure

We present an efficient separable approach to the estimation and reconstruction of the bispectrum and the trispectrum from observational (or simulated) large scale structure data. This is developed from general CMB (poly-)spectra methods which exploit the fact that the bispectrum and trispectrum in the literature can be represented by a separable mode expansion which converges rapidly (with $n_textrm{max}={cal{O}}(30)$ terms). With an effective grid resolution $l_textrm{max}$ (number of particles/grid points $N=l_textrm{max}^3$), we present a bispectrum estimator which requires only ${cal O}(n_textrm{max} times l_textrm{max}^3)$ operations, along with a corresponding method for direct bispectrum reconstruction. This method is extended to the trispectrum revealing an estimator which requires only ${cal O}(n_textrm{max}^{4/3} times l_textrm{max}^3)$ operations. The complexity in calculating the trispectrum in this method is now involved in the original decomposition and orthogonalisation process which need only be performed once for each model. However, for non-diagonal trispectra these processes present little extra difficulty and may be performed in ${cal O}(l_textrm{max}^4)$ operations. A discussion of how the methodology may be applied to the quadspectrum is also given. An efficient algorithm for the generation of arbitrary nonGaussian initial conditions for use in N-body codes using this separable approach is described. This prescription allows for the production of nonGaussian initial conditions for arbitrary bispectra and trispectra. A brief outline of the key issues involved in parameter estimation, particularly in the non-linear regime, is also given.

General CMB and Primordial Trispectrum Estimation

We present trispectrum estimation methods which can be applied to general non-separable primordial and CMB trispectra. We present a general optimal estimator for the connected part of the trispectrum, for which we derive a quadratic term to incorporate the effects of inhomogeneous noise and masking. We describe a general algorithm for creating simulated maps with given arbitrary (and independent) power spectra, bispectra and trispectra. We propose a universal definition of the trispectrum parameter $T_{NL}$, so that the integrated bispectrum on the observational domain can be consistently compared between theoretical models. We define a shape function for the primordial trispectrum, together with a shape correlator and a useful parametrisation for visualizing the trispectrum. We derive separable analytic CMB solutions in the large-angle limit for constant and local models. We present separable mode decompositions which can be used to describe any primordial or CMB bispectra on their respective wavenumber or multipole domains. By extracting coefficients of these separable basis functions from an observational map, we are able to present an efficient estimator for any given theoretical model with a nonseparable trispectrum. The estimator has two manifestations, comparing the theoretical and observed coefficients at either primordial or late times. These mode decomposition methods are numerically tractable with order $l^5$ operations for the CMB estimator and approximately order $l^6$ for the general primordial estimator (reducing to order $l^3$ in both cases for a special class of models). We also demonstrate how the trispectrum can be reconstructed from observational maps using these methods.