Thousands of different forms (words) are associated with thousands of different meanings (concepts) in a language computer model. Reasonable agreement with reality is found for the number of languages in a family and the Hamming distances between languages.
Urban segregation of different communities, like blacks and whites in the USA, has been simulated by Ising-like models since Schelling 1971. This research was accompanied by a scientific segregation, with sociologists and physicists ignoring each oth
er until 2000. We review recent progress and also present some new two-temperature multi-cultural simulations.
When a region is conquered by people speaking another language, we assume within the Schulze model that at each iteration each person with probability s shifts to the conquering language. The time needed for the conquering language to become dominati
ng is about 2/s for directed Barabasi-Albert networks, but diverges on the square lattice for decreasing s at some critical value sc
