We consider a hybrid single-electron transistor (SET) constituted by a gate-controlled normal-metal island (N) connected to two voltage-biased superconducting leads (S) by means of two tunnel junctions (S-I-N-I-S), operated as a turnstile. We show th
at the exchange of photons between this system and the high-temperature electromagnetic environment where it is embedded enhances Andreev reflection, thereby limiting the single-electron tunneling accuracy.
We consider the dynamics of a quantum phase-slip junction (QPSJ) -- a dual Josephson junction -- connected to a microwave source with frequency $omega_textrm{mw}$. With respect to an ordinary Josephson junction, a QPSJ can sustain dual Shapiro steps,
consisting of well-defined current plateaus at multiple integers of $ e omega_textrm{mw} / pi$ in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic. The experimental observation of these plateaus has been elusive up to now. We argue that thermal as well as quantum fluctuations can smear the I-V characteristic considerably. In order to understand these effects, we study a current-biased QPSJ under microwave irradiation and connected to an inductive and resistive environment. We find that the effect of these fluctuations are governed by the resistance of the environment and by the ratio of the phase-slip energy and the inductive energy. Our results are of interest for experiments aimed at the observation of dual Shapiro steps in QPSJ devices for the definition of a new quantum current standard.
The design and operation of an electronic cooler based on a combination of superconducting tunnel junctions is described. The cascade extraction of hot-quasiparticles, which stems from the energy gaps of two different superconductors, allows for a no
rmal metal to be cooled down to about 100 mK starting from a bath temperature of 0.5 K. We discuss the practical implementation, potential performance and limitations of such a device.
