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Register a new userThermal structure and cooling of superfluid neutron stars with accreted magnetized envelopes
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Authors
A. Y. Potekhin
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We study the thermal structure of neutron stars with magnetized envelopes composed of accreted material, using updated thermal conductivities of plasmas in quantizing magnetic fields, as well as equation of state and radiative opacities for partially ionized hydrogen in strong magnetic fields. The relation between the internal and local surface temperatures is calculated and fitted by an analytic function of the internal temperature, magnetic field strength, angle between the field lines and the normal to the surface, surface gravity, and the mass of the accreted material. The luminosity of a neutron star with a dipole magnetic field is calculated for various values of the accreted mass, internal temperature, and magnetic field strength. Using these results, we simulate cooling of superfluid neutron stars with magnetized accreted envelopes. We consider slow and fast cooling regimes, paying special attention to very slow cooling of low-mass superfluid neutron stars. In the latter case, the cooling is strongly affected by the combined effect of magnetized accreted envelopes and neutron superfluidity in the stellar crust. Our results are important for interpretation of observations of isolated neutron stars hottest for their age, such as RX J0822-43 and PSR B1055-52.
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We study the minimal cooling scenario of superfluid neutron stars with nucleon cores, where the direct Urca process is forbidden and the enhanced cooling is produced by the neutrino emission due to Cooper pairing of neutrons. Extending our previous consideration (Gusakov et al. 2004a), we include the effects of accreted envelopes of light elements. We employ phenomenological density-dependent critical temperatures T_{cp}(rho) and T_{cnt}(rho) of singlet-state proton and triplet-state neutron pairing in a stellar core, as well as the critical temperature T_{cns}(rho) of singlet-state neutron pairing in a stellar crust. We show that the presence of accreted envelopes simplifies the interpretation of observations of thermal radiation from isolated neutron stars in the scenario of Gusakov et al. (2004a) and widens the class of models for nucleon superfluidity in neutron star interiors consistent with the observations.
We report on a new mechanism for heat conduction in the neutron star crust. We find that collective modes of superfluid neutron matter, called superfluid phonons (sPhs), can influence heat conduction in magnetized neutron stars. They can dominate the heat conduction transverse to magnetic field when the magnetic field $B gsim 10^{13}$ G. At density $rho simeq 10^{12}-10^{14} $ g/cm$^3$ the conductivity due to sPhs is significantly larger than that due to lattice phonons and is comparable to electron conductivity when temperature $simeq 10^8$ K. This new mode of heat conduction can limit the surface anisotropy in highly magnetized neutron stars. Cooling curves of magnetized neutron stars with and without superfluid heat conduction could show observationally discernible differences.
We study the thermal structure and evolution of magnetars as cooling neutron stars with a phenomenological heat source in an internal layer. We focus on the effect of magnetized (B > 10^{14} G) non-accreted and accreted outermost envelopes composed of different elements, from iron to hydrogen or helium. We discuss a combined effect of thermal conduction and neutrino emission in the outer neutron star crust and calculate the cooling of magnetars with a dipole magnetic field for various locations of the heat layer, heat rates and magnetic field strengths. Combined effects of strong magnetic fields and light-element composition simplify the interpretation of magnetars in our model: these effects allow one to interpret observations assuming less extreme (therefore, more realistic) heating. Massive magnetars, with fast neutrino cooling in their cores, can have higher thermal surface luminosity.
Context: Many thermally emitting isolated neutron stars have magnetic fields larger than 10^13 G. A realistic cooling model that includes the presence of high magnetic fields should be reconsidered. Aims: We investigate the effects of anisotropic temperature distribution and Joule heating on the cooling of magnetized neutron stars. Methods: The 2D heat transfer equation with anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor and including all relevant neutrino emission processes is solved for realistic models of the neutron star interior and crust. Results: The presence of the magnetic field affects significantly the thermal surface distribution and the cooling history during both, the early neutrino cooling era and the late photon cooling era. Conclusions: There is a large effect of the Joule heating on the thermal evolution of strongly magnetized neutron stars. Both magnetic fields and Joule heating play a key role in keeping magnetars warm for a long time. Moreover, this effect is important for intermediate field neutron stars and should be considered in radio-quiet isolated neutron stars or high magnetic field radio-pulsars.
We present 2D simulations of the cooling of neutron stars with strong magnetic fields (B geq 10^{13} G). We solve the diffusion equation in axial symmetry including the state of the art microphysics that controls the cooling such as slow/fast neutrino processes, superfluidity, as well as possible heating mechanisms. We study how the cooling curves depend on the the magnetic field strength and geometry. Special attention is given to discuss the influence of magnetic field decay. We show that Joule heating effects are very large and in some cases control the thermal evolution. We characterize the temperature anisotropy induced by the magnetic field for the early and late stages of the evolution of isolated neutron stars.
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