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Register a new userFlattening the Curve with Einsteins Quantum Elevator: Hermitization of Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians via the Vielbein Formalism
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The non-triviality of Hilbert space geometries in non-Hermitian quantum systems sometimes blurs the underlying physics. We present a systematic study of the vielbein formalism which transforms the Hilbert spaces of non-Hermitian systems into the conventional ones, rendering the induced Hamiltonian to be Hermitian. In other words, any non-Hermitian Hamiltonian can be transformed into a Hermitian one without altering the physics. Thus, we show how to find a reference frame (corresponding to Einsteins quantum elevator) in which a non-Hermitian system, described by a non-trivial Hilbert space, reduces to a Hermitian system within the standard formalism of quantum mechanics for a Hilbert space.
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Exceptional points (EPs) are degeneracies of classical and quantum open systems, which are studied in many areas of physics including optics, optoelectronics, plasmonics, and condensed matter physics. In the semiclassical regime, open systems can be described by phenomenological effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians (NHHs) capturing the effects of gain and loss in terms of imaginary fields. The EPs that characterize the spectra of such Hamiltonians (HEPs) describe the time evolution of a system without quantum jumps. It is well known that a full quantum treatment describing more generic dynamics must crucially take into account such quantum jumps. In a recent paper [F. Minganti $et$ $al.$, Phys. Rev. A $mathbf{100}$, $062131$ ($2019$)], we generalized the notion of EPs to the spectra of Liouvillian superoperators governing open system dynamics described by Lindblad master equations. Intriguingly, we found that in situations where a classical-to-quantum correspondence exists, the two types of dynamics can yield different EPs. In a recent experimental work [M. Naghiloo $et$ $al.$, Nat. Phys. $mathbf{15}$, $1232$ ($2019$)], it was shown that one can engineer a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian in the quantum limit by postselecting on certain quantum jump trajectories. This raises an interesting question concerning the relation between Hamiltonian and Lindbladian EPs, and quantum trajectories. We discuss these connections by introducing a hybrid-Liouvillian superoperator, capable of describing the passage from an NHH (when one postselects only those trajectories without quantum jumps) to a true Liouvillian including quantum jumps (without postselection). Beyond its fundamental interest, our approach allows to intuitively relate the effects of postselection and finite-efficiency detectors.
We consider the description of open quantum systems with probability sinks (or sources) in terms of general non-Hermitian Hamiltonians.~Within such a framework, we study novel possible definitions of the quantum linear entropy as an indicator of the flow of information during the dynamics. Such linear entropy functionals are necessary in the case of a partially Wigner-transformed non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (which is typically useful within a mixed quantum-classical representation). Both the case of a system represented by a pure non-Hermitian Hamiltonian as well as that of the case of non-Hermitian dynamics in a classical bath are explicitly considered.
We study the quantum entropy of systems that are described by general non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, including those which can model the effects of sinks or sources. We generalize the von Neumann entropy to the non- Hermitian case and find that one needs both the normalized and non-normalized density operators in order to properly describe irreversible processes. It turns out that such a generalization monitors the onset of disorder in quantum dissipative systems. We give arguments for why one can consider the generalized entropy as the informational entropy describing the flow of information between the system and the bath. We illustrate the theory by explicitly studying few simple models, including tunneling systems with two energy levels and non-Hermitian detuning.
We report on a time scaling technique to enhance the performances of quantum protocols in non-Hermitian systems. The considered time scaling involves no extra-couplings and yields a significant enhancement of the quantum fidelity for a comparable amount of resources. We discuss the application of this technique to quantum state transfers in 2 and 3-level open quantum systems. We derive the quantum speed limit in a system governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Interestingly, we show that, with an appropriate driving, the time-scaling technique preserves the optimality of the quantum speed with respect to the quantum speed limit while reducing significantly the damping of the quantum state norm.
The non-Hermitian formalism is used at present in many papers for the description of open quantum systems. A special language developed in this field of physics which makes it difficult for many physicists to follow and to understand the corresponding papers. We show that the characteristic features of the non-Hermitian formalism are nothing but nonlinearities that may appear in the equations when the Hamiltonian is non-Hermitian. They are related directly to singular points (called mostly exceptional points, EPs). At low level density, they may cause counterintuitive physical results which allow us to explain some puzzling experimental results. At high level density, they determine the dynamics of the system.
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