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Register a new userAssessment of the Value of Frequency Response Times in Power Systems
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Given the increasing penetration in renewable generation, the UK power system is experiencing a decline in system inertia and an increase in frequency response (FR) requirements. Faster FR products are a mitigating solution that can cost-effectively meet the system balancing requirements. Thus, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) unit commitment model which can simultaneously schedule inertial response, mandatory FR, as well as a sub-second FR product - enhanced frequency response (EFR). The model quantifies the value of providing faster reacting FR products in comparison with other response times from typical FR products. The performance and value of EFR are determined in a series of future energy scenarios with respect to the UK market and system conditions.
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The need for Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) is expected to increase significantly in future low-carbon Great Britain (GB) power system. One way to provide EFR is to use power electronic compensators (PECs) for point-of-load voltage control (PVC) to exploit the voltage dependence of loads. This paper investigates the techno-economic feasibility of such technology in future GB power system by quantifying the total EFR obtainable through deploying PVC in the urban domestic sector, the investment cost of the installment and the economic and environmental benefits of using PVC. The quantification is based on a stochastic domestic demand model and generic medium and low-voltage distribution networks for the urban areas of GB and a stochastic unit commitment (SUC) model with constraints for secure post-fault frequency evolution is used for the value assessment. Two future energy scenarios in the backdrop of 2030 with `smart and `non-smart control of electric vehicles and heat pumps, under different levels of penetration of battery energy storage system (BESS) are considered to assess the value of PEC, as well as the associated payback period. It is demonstrated that PVC could effectively complement BESS towards EFR provision in future GB power system.
Most renewable energy sources (RES) do not provide any inertial response. Their integration in a power grid implies a highly reduced level of system inertia, which leads to a deteriorated frequency performance. Then, the requirement for frequency response is significantly increased in order to maintain frequency security. Alternatively, enhanced provision of inertia from auxiliary sources may alleviate this problem. However, the benefits of inertia provision are not yet fully understood. In this paper, an inertia-dependent Stochastic Unit Commitment (SUC) tool is applied to quantify the economic value of inertia. The results demonstrate that enhanced provision of inertia would lead to significant economic savings, although these savings vary under different system conditions. These results should be brought to the attention of both market operators and investors, in order to inform the design of an ancillary-services market for inertia and the investment in auxiliary provision of inertia.
This paper investigates the impact of Kron reduction on the performance of numerical methods applied to the analysis of unbalanced polyphase power systems. Specifically, this paper focuses on power-flow study, state estimation, and voltage stability assessment. For these applications, the standard Newton-Raphson method, linear weighted-least-squares regression, and homotopy continuation method are used, respectively. The performance of the said numerical methods is assessed in a series of simulations, in which the zero-injection nodes of a test system are successively eliminated through Kron reduction.
This paper investigates how a disturbance in the power network affects the nodal frequencies of certain network buses. To begin with, we show that the inertia of a single generator is in inverse proportion to the initial rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) under disturbances. Then, we present how the initial RoCoF of the nodal frequencies are related to the inertia constants of multiple generators in a power network, which leads to a performance metric to analyze nodal frequency performance. To be specific, the proposed metric evaluates the impact of disturbances on the nodal frequency performance. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed metric are illustrated via simulations on a multi-machine power system.
Security is one of the biggest concern in power system operation. Recently, the emerging cyber security threats to operational functions of power systems arouse high public attention, and cybersecurity vulnerability thus become an emerging topic to evaluate compromised operational performance under cyber attack. In this paper, vulnerability of cyber security of load frequency control (LFC) system, which is the key component in energy manage system (EMS), is assessed by exploiting the system response to attacks on LFC variables/parameters. Two types of attacks: 1) injection attack and 2) scale attack are considered for evaluation. Two evaluation criteria reflecting the damage on system stability and power generation are used to quantify system loss under cyber attacks. Through a sensitivity-based method and attack tree models, the vulnerability of different LFC components is ranked. In addition, a post-intrusion cyber attack detection scheme is proposed. Classification-based schemes using typical classification algorithms are studied and compared to identify different attack scenarios.
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