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We study the probabilistic behaviour of the continued fraction expansion of a quadratic irrational number, when weighted by some additive cost. We prove asymptotic Gaussian limit laws, with an optimal speed of convergence. We deal with the underlying dynamical system associated with the Gauss map, and its weighted periodic trajectories. We work with analytic combinatorics methods, and mainly with bivariate Dirichlet generating functions; we use various tools, from number theory (the Landau Theorem), from probability (the Quasi-Powers Theorem), or from dynamical systems: our main object of study is the (weighted) transfer operator, that we relate with the generating functions of interest. The present paper exhibits a strong parallelism with the methods which have been previously introduced by Baladi and Vallee in the study of rational trajectories. However, the present study is more involved and uses a deeper functional analysis framework.
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The arboreal Galois group of a polynomial $f$ over a field $K$ encodes the action of Galois on the iterated preimages of a root point $x_0in K$, analogous to the action of Galois on the $ell$-power torsion of an abelian variety. We compute the arboreal Galois group of the postcritically finite polynomial $f(z) = z^2 - 1$ when the field $K$ and root point $x_0$ satisfy a simple condition. We call the resulting group the arithmetic basilica group because of its relation to the basilica group associated with the complex dynamics of $f$. For $K=mathbb{Q}$, our condition holds for infinitely many choices of $x_0$.
Let $f in Q(z)$ be a polynomial or rational function of degree 2. A special case of Morton and Silvermans Dynamical Uniform Boundedness Conjecture states that the number of rational preperiodic points of $f$ is bounded above by an absolute constant. A related conjecture of Silverman states that the canonical height $hat{h}_f(x)$ of a non-preperiodic rational point $x$ is bounded below by a uniform multiple of the height of $f$ itself. We provide support for these conjectures by computing the set of preperiodic and small height rational points for a set of degree 2 maps far beyond the range of previous searches.
We compute the statistics of $SL_{d}(mathbb{Z})$ matrices lying on level sets of an integral polynomial defined on $SL_{d}(mathbb{R})$, a result that is a variant of the well known theorem proved by Linnik about the equidistribution of radially projected integral vectors from a large sphere into the unit sphere. Using the above result we generalize the work of Aka, Einsiedler and Shapira in various directions. For example, we compute the joint distribution of the residue classes modulo $q$ and the properly normalized orthogonal lattices of primitive integral vectors lying on the level set $-(x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2})+x_{4}^{2}=N$ as $Ntoinfty$, where the normalized orthogonal lattices sit in a submanifold of the moduli space of rank-$3$ discrete subgroups of $mathbb{R}^{4}$.
For a quadratic endomorphism of the affine line defined over the rationals, we consider the problem of bounding the number of rational points that eventually land at the origin after iteration. In the article ``Uniform Bounds on Pre-Images Under Quadratic Dynamical Systems, by two of the present authors and five others, it was shown that the number of rational iterated pre-images of the origin is bounded as one varies the morphism in a certain one-dimensional family. Subject to the validity of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and some other related conjectures for the L-series of a specific abelian variety and using a number of modern tools for locating rational points on high genus curves, we show that the maximum number of rational iterated pre-images is six. We also provide further insight into the geometry of the ``pre-image curves.
Here we constructively classify quadratic $d$-numbers: algebraic integers in quadratic number fields generating Galois-invariant ideals. We prove the subset thereof maximal among their Galois conjugates in absolute value is discrete in $mathbb{R}$. Our classification provides a characterization of those real quadratic fields containing a unit of norm -1 which is known to be equivalent to the existence of solutions to the negative Pell equation. The notion of a weakly quadratic fusion category is introduced whose Frobenius-Perron dimension necessarily lies in this discrete set. Factorization, divisibility, and boundedness results are proven for quadratic $d$-numbers allowing a systematic study of weakly quadratic fusion categories which constitute essentially all known examples of fusion categories having no known connection to classical representation theory.
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