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Register a new userSimulations of the Fe K-alpha Energy Spectra from Gravitationally Microlensed Quasars
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Authors
Henric Krawczynski
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The analysis of the Chandra X-ray observations of the gravitationally lensed quasar RX J1131-1231 revealed the detection of multiple and energy-variable spectral peaks. The spectral variability is thought to result from the microlensing of the Fe K-alpha emission, selectively amplifying the emission from certain regions of the accretion disk with certain effective frequency shifts of the Fe K-alpha line emission. In this paper, we combine detailed simulations of the emission of Fe K-alpha photons from the accretion disk of a Kerr black hole with calculations of the effect of gravitational microlensing on the observed energy spectra. The simulations show that microlensing can indeed produce multiply peaked energy spectra. We explore the dependence of the spectral characteristics on black hole spin, accretion disk inclination, corona height, and microlensing amplification factor, and show that the measurements can be used to constrain these parameters. We find that the range of observed spectral peak energies of QSO RX J1131-1231 can only be reproduced for black hole inclinations exceeding 70 degree and for lamppost corona heights of less than 30 gravitational radii above the black hole. We conclude by emphasizing the scientific potential of studies of the microlensed Fe K$alpha$ quasar emission and the need for more detailed modeling that explores how the results change for more realistic accretion disk and corona geometries and microlensing magnification patterns. A full analysis should furthermore model the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations and the resulting detection biases.
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The Chandra observations of several gravitationally lensed quasars show evidence for flux and spectral variability of the X-ray emission that is uncorrelated between images and is thought to result from the microlensing by stars in the lensing galaxy. We report here on the most detailed modeling of such systems to date, including simulations of the emission of the Fe K-alpha fluorescent radiation from the accretion disk with a general relativistic ray tracing code, the use of realistic microlensing magnification maps derived from inverse ray shooting calculations, and the simulation of the line detection biases. We use lensing and black hole parameters appropriate for the quadruply lensed quasar RX J1131-1231, and compare the simulated results with the observational results. The simulations cannot fully reproduce the distribution of the detected line energies indicating that some of the assumptions underlying the simulations are not correct, or that the simulations are missing some important physics. We conclude by discussing several possible explanations.
We study the radial ionization structure at the surface of an X-ray illuminated accretion disk. We plot the expected iron K$alpha$ line energy as a function of the Eddington ratio and of the distance of the emitting matter from the central source, for a non-rotating and a maximally-rotating black hole. We compare the predicted disk line energies with those measured in an archival sample of active galactic nuclei observed with {it Chandra}, {it XMM-Newton} and {it Suzaku}, and discuss whether the line energies are consistent with the radial distances inferred from reverberation studies. We also suggest using rapidly-variable iron K$alpha$ lines to estimate the viscosity parameter of an accretion disk. There is a forbidden region in the line energy versus Eddington ratio plane, at low Eddington ratios, where an accretion disk cannot produce highly-ionized iron K$alpha$ lines. If such emission is observed in low-Eddington-ratio sources, it is either coming from a highly-ionized outflow, or is a blue-shifted component from fast-moving neutral matter.
Recent work has demonstrated the potential of gravitationally lensed quasars to extend measurements of black hole spin out to high-redshift with the current generation of X-ray observatories. Here we present an analysis of a large sample of 27 lensed quasars in the redshift range 1.0<z<4.5 observed with Chandra, utilizing over 1.6 Ms of total observing time, focusing on the rest-frame iron K emission from these sources. Although the X-ray signal-to-noise (S/N) currently available does not permit the detection of iron emission from the inner accretion disk in individual cases in our sample, we find significant structure in the stacked residuals. In addition to the narrow core, seen almost ubiquitously in local AGN, we find evidence for an additional underlying broad component from the inner accretion disk, with a clear red wing to the emission profile. Based on simulations, we find the detection of this broader component to be significant at greater than the 3-sigma level. This implies that iron emission from the inner disk is relatively common in the population of lensed quasars, and in turn further demonstrates that, with additional observations, this population represents an opportunity to significantly extend the sample of AGN spin measurements out to high-redshift.
The centroid energy of the Fe K$alpha$ line has been used to identify the progenitors of supernova remnants (SNRs). These investigations generally considered the energy of the centroid derived from the spectrum of the entire remnant. Here we use {it XMM-Newton} data to investigate the Fe K$alpha$ centroid in 6 SNRs: 3C~397, N132D, W49B, DEM L71, 1E 0102.2-7219, and Kes 73. In Kes 73 and 1E 0102.2-7219, we fail to detect any Fe K$alpha$ emission. We report a tentative first detection of Fe K$alpha$ emission in SNR DEM L71, with a centroid energy consistent with its Type Ia designation. In the remaining remnants, the spatial and spectral sensitivity is sufficient to investigate spatial variations of the Fe K$alpha$ centroid. We find in N132D and W49B that the centroids in different regions are consistent with that derived from the overall spectrum, although not necessarily with the remnant type identified via other means. However, in SNR 3C~397, we find statistically significant variation in the centroid of up to 100 eV, aligning with the variation in the density structure around the remnant. These variations span the intermediate space between centroid energies signifying core-collapse and Type Ia remnants. Shifting the dividing line downwards by 50 eV can place all the centroids in the CC region, but contradicts the remnant type obtained via other means. Our results show that caution must be used when employing the Fe K$alpha$ centroid of the entire remnant as the sole diagnostic for typing a remnant.
Low-mass X-ray binaries hosting a low-magnetised neutron star, which accretes matter via Roche-lobe overflow, are generally grouped in two classes, named Atoll and Z sources after the path described in their X-ray colour-colour diagrams. Scorpius X-1 is the brightest persistent low-mass X-ray binary known so far, and it is the prototype of the Z sources. We analysed the first NuSTAR observation of this source to study its spectral emission exploiting the high statistics data collected by this satellite. Examining the colour-colour diagram, the source was probably observed during the lower normal and flaring branches of its Z-track. We separated the data from the two branches in order to investigate the evolution of the source along the track. We fitted the 3-60 keV NuSTAR spectra using the same models for both the branches. We adopted two description for the continuum: in the first case we used a blackbody and a thermal Comptonisation with seed photons originating in the accretion disc; in the second one, we adopted a disc-blackbody and a Comptonisation with a blackbody-shaped spectrum of the incoming seed photons. A power-law fitting the high energy emission above 20 keV was also required in both cases. The two models provide the same physical scenario for the source in both the branches: a blackbody temperature between 0.8 and 1.5 keV, a disc-blackbody with temperature between 0.4 and 0.6 keV, and an optically thick Comptonising corona with optical depth between 6 and 10 and temperature about 3 keV. Furthermore, two lines related to the K$alpha$ and K$beta$ transitions of the He-like Fe XXV ions were detected at 6.6 keV and 7.8 keV, respectively. A hard tail modelled by a power law with a photon index between 2 and 3 was also required for both the models.
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