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Register a new userRadiation damage effects on detectors and eletronic devices in harsh radiation environment
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Added by
Salvatore Fiore PhD
Publication date
2015
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
Authors
S. Fiore
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Radiation damage effects represent one of the limits for technologies to be used in harsh radiation environments as space, radiotherapy treatment, high-energy phisics colliders. Different technologies have known tolerances to different radiation fields and should be taken into account to avoid unexpected failures which may lead to unrecoverable damages to scientific missions or patient health.
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The motivation for investigating the use of GaAs as a material for detecting particles in experiments for High Energy Physics (HEP) arose from its perceived resistance to radiation damage. This is a vital requirement for detector materials that are to be used in experiments at future accelerators where the radiation environments would exclude all but the most radiation resistant of detector types.
Semi-insulating, undoped, Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (SI-U LEC) GaAs detectors have been irradiated with 1MeV neutrons, 24GeV/c protons, and 300MeV/c pions. The maximum fluences used were 6, 3, and 1.8~10$^{14}$ particles/cm$^{2}$ respectively. For all three types of irradiation the charge collection efficiencies (cce) of the detector are reduced due to the reduction in the electron and hole mean free paths. Pion and proton irradiations produce a greater reduction in cce than neutron irradiation with the pions having the greatest effect. The effect of annealing the detectors at room temperature, at 200$^{o}$C and at 450$^{o}$C with a flash lamp have been shown to reduce the leakage current and increase the cce of the irradiated detectors. The flash-lamp anneal produced the greatest increase in the cce from 26% to 70% by increasing the mean free path of the electrons. Two indium-doped samples were irradiated with 24GeV/c protons and demonstrated no improvement over SI U GaAs with respect to post-irradiation cce.
Aging phenomena constitute one of the most complex and serious potential problems which could limit, or severely impair, the use of gaseous detectors in unprecedented harsh radiation environments. Long-term operation in high-intensity experiments of the LHC-era not only demands extraordinary radiation hardness of construction materials and gas mixtures but also very specific and appropriate assembly procedures and quality checks during detector construction and testing. Recent experimental data from hadron beams is discussed. It is shown that the initial stage of radiation tests, usually performed under isolated laboratory conditions, may not offer the full information needed to extrapolate to the long-term performance of real and full-size detectors at high energy physics facilities. Major factors, closely related to the capability of operating at large localized ionization densities, and which could lead to operation instabilities and subsequent aging phenomena in gaseous detectors, are summarized. Finally, an overview of aging experience with state-of-the-art gas detectors in experiments with low- and high-intensity radiation environments is given with a goal of providing a set of rules, along with some caveat, for the construction and operation of gaseous detectors in high luminosity experiments.
In this work we propose the application of a radiation damage model based on the introduction of deep level traps/recombination centers suitable for device level numerical simulation of radiation detectors at very high fluences (e.g. 1{div}2 10^16 1-MeV equivalent neutrons per square centimeter) combined with a surface damage model developed by using experimental parameters extracted from measurements from gamma irradiated p-type dedicated test structures.
Cs$_2$LiYCl$_6$:Ce$^{3+}$ (CLYC) is a new scintillator that is an attractive option for applications requiring the ability to detect both gamma rays and neutrons within a single volume. It is therefore of interest in applications that require low size, weight, or power, such as space applications. The radiation environment in space can over time damage the crystal structure of CLYC, leading to reduced performance. We have exposed 2 CLYC samples to 800 MeV protons at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, one to approximately 10 kRad and one to approximately 100 kRad. We measured the pulse shapes and amplitudes, energy resolution, and figure of merit for pulse-shape discrimination before and after irradiation. We have also measured the activation products and monitored for room-temperature annealing of the irradiated samples. The results of these measurements and the impact of radiation damage on CLYC performance is presented.
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