No Arabic abstract
In multi-electrode detectors, the motion of excess carriers generated by ionizing radiation induces charge pulses at the electrodes, whose intensities and polarities depend on the geometrical, electrostatic and carriers transport properties of the device. The resulting charge sharing effects may lead to bipolar currents, pulse height defects and anomalous polarity signals affecting the response of the device to ionizing radiation. This latter effect has recently attracted attention in commonly used detector materials, but different interpretations have been suggested, depending on the material, the geometry of the device and the nature of the ionizing radiation. In this letter, we report on the investigation in the formation of anomalous polarity pulses in a multi-electrode diamond detector with buried graphitic electrodes. In particular, we propose a purely electrostatic model based on the Shockley-Ramo-Gunn theory, providing a satisfactory description of anomalous pulses observed in charge collection efficiency maps measured by means of Ion Beam Induced Charge (IBIC) microscopy, and suitable for a general application in multi-electrode devices and detectors.
This work deals with the characterisation and modelling of the curing process and its associated volume changes of an epoxy based thermoset resin. Measurements from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) define the progress of the chemical reaction. The related thermochemical volume changes are recorded by an especially constructed experimental setup based on Archimedes principle. Information on measuring procedure and data processing are provided. This includes investigations on compensation of environmental influences, long-term stability and resolution. With the aim of simulating the adhesives curing process, constitutive models representing the reaction kinetics and thermochemical volume changes are presented and the model parameters are identified.
Deep Ion Beam Lithography (DIBL) has been used for the direct writing of buried graphitic regions in monocrystalline diamond with micrometric resolution. Aiming at the development and the characterization of a fully ion-beam-micromachined solid state ionization chamber, a device with interdigitated electrodes was fabricated by using a 1.8 MeV He+ ion microbeam scanning on a homoepitaxial, grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). In order to evaluate the ionizing-radiation-detection performance of the device, charge collection efficiency (CCE) maps were extracted from Ion Beam Induced Charge (IBIC) measurements carried out by probing different arrangements of buried microelectrodes. The analysis of the CCE maps allowed for an exhaustive evaluation of the detector features, in particular the individuation of the different role played by electrons and holes in the formation of the induced charge pulses. Finally, a comparison of the performances of the detector with buried graphitic electrodes with those relevant to conventional metallic surface electrodes evidenced the formation of a dead layer overlying the buried electrodes as a result of the fabrication process.
Recent advances in focused ion beam technology have enabled high-resolution, direct-write nanofabrication using light ions. Studies with light ions to date have, however, focused on milling of materials where sub-surface ion beam damage does not inhibit device performance. Here we report on direct-write milling of single crystal diamond using a focused beam of oxygen ions. Material quality is assessed by Raman and luminescence analysis, and reveals that the damage layer generated by oxygen ions can be removed by nonintrusive post-processing methods such as localised electron beam induced chemical etching.
We present a high resolution method for measuring magnetostriction in millisecond pulsed magnetic fields at cryogenic temperatures with a sensitivity of $1.11times10^{-11}/sqrt{rm Hz}$. The sample is bonded to a thin piezoelectric plate, such that when the samples length changes, it strains the piezoelectric and induces a voltage change. This method is more sensitive than a fiber-Bragg grating method. It measures two axes simultaneously instead of one. The gauge is small and versatile, functioning in DC and millisecond pulsed magnetic fields. We demonstrate its use by measuring the magnetostriction of Ca$_3$Co$_{1.03}$Mn$_{0.97}$O$_6$ single crystals in pulsed magnetic fields. By comparing our data to new and previously published results from a fiber-Bragg grating magnetostriction setup, we confirm that this method detects magnetostriction effects. We also demonstrate the small size and versatility of this technique by measuring angle dependence with respect to the applied magnetic field in a rotator probe in 65 T millisecond pulsed magnetic fields.
Spin-echo instruments are typically used to measure diffusive processes and the dynamics and motion in samples on ps and ns timescales. A key aspect of the spin-echo technique is to determine the polarisation of a particle beam. We present two methods for measuring the spin polarisation in spin-echo experiments. The current method in use is based on taking a number of discrete readings. The implementation of a new method involves continuously rotating the spin and measuring its polarisation after being scattered from the sample. A control system running on a microcontroller is used to perform the spin rotation and to calculate the polarisation of the scattered beam based on a lock-in amplifier. First experimental tests of the method on a helium spin-echo spectrometer, show that it is clearly working and that it has advantages over the discrete approach i.e. it can track changes of the beam properties throughout the experiment. Moreover, we show that real-time numerical simulations can perfectly describe a complex experiment and can be easily used to develop improved experimental methods prior to a first hardware implementation.