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Register a new userWarm Molecular Hydrogen Emission in Normal Edge-On Galaxies NGC 4565 and NGC 5907
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We have observed warm molecular hydrogen in two nearby edge-on disk galaxies, NGC 4565 and NGC 5907, using the Spitzer high-resolution infrared spectrograph. The 0-0 S(0) 28.2 micron and 0-0 S(1) 17.0 micron pure rotational lines were detected out to 10 kpc from the center of each galaxy on both sides of the major axis, and in NGC 4565 the S(0) line was detected at r = 15 kpc on one side. This location lies beyond a steep drop in the radio continuum emission from cosmic rays in the disk. Despite indications that star formation activity decreases with radius, the H2 excitation temperature and the ratio of the H2 line and the far-IR luminosity surface densities, Sigma_L(H2}/Sigma_L(TIR}, change very little as a function of radius, even into the diffuse outer region of the disk of NGC 4565. This suggests that the source of excitation of the H2 operates over a large range of radii, and is broadly independent of the strength and relative location of UV emission from young stars. Although excitation in photodissociation regions is the most common explanation for the widespread H2 emission, cosmic ray heating or shocks cannot be ruled out. The inferred mass surface densities of warm molecular hydrogen in both edge-on galaxies differ substantially, being 4(-60) M_solar/pc^2 and 3(-50) M_solar/pc^2 at r = 10 kpc for NGC 4565 and NGC 5907, respectively. The higher values represent very unlikely point-source upper limits. The point source case is not supported by the observed emission distribution in the spectral slits. These mass surface densities cannot support the observed rotation velocities in excess of 200 km/s. Therefore, warm molecular hydrogen cannot account for dark matter in these disk galaxies, contrary to what was implied by a previous ISO study of the nearby edge-on galaxy NGC 891.
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We present a study of the globular cluster systems of two edge-on spiral galaxies, NGC4565 and NGC5907, from WFPC2 images in the F450W and F814W filters. The globular cluster systems of both galaxies appear to be similar to the Galactic globular cluster system. In particular, we derive total numbers of globular clusters of N_{GC}(4565)= 204+/-38 {+87}{-53} and N_{GC}(5907)=170+/-41 {+47}{-72} (where the first are statistical, the second potential systematic errors) for NGC4565 and NGC5907, respectively. This determination is based on a comparison to the Milky Way system, for which we adopt a total number of globular clusters of 180+/-20. The specific frequency of both galaxies is S_N~0.6: indistinguishable from the value for the Milky Way. The similarity in the globular cluster systems of the two galaxies is noteworthy since they have significantly different thick disks and bulge-to-disk ratios. This would suggest that these two components do not play a major role in the building up of a globular cluster system around late-type galaxies.
We combine new dust continuum observations of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565 in all Herschel/SPIRE (250, 350, 500 micron) wavebands, obtained as part of the Herschel Reference Survey, and a large set of ancillary data (Spitzer, SDSS, GALEX) to analyze its dust energy balance. We fit a radiative transfer model for the stars and dust to the optical maps with the fitting algorithm FitSKIRT. To account for the observed UV and mid-infrared emission, this initial model was supplemented with both obscured and unobscured star-forming regions. Even though these star-forming complexes provide an additional heating source for the dust, the far-infrared/submillimeter emission long wards of 100 micron is underestimated by a factor of 3-4. This inconsistency in the dust energy budget of NGC 4565 suggests that a sizable fraction (two-thirds) of the total dust reservoir (Mdust ~ 2.9e+8 Msun) consists of a clumpy distribution with no associated young stellar sources. The distribution of those dense dust clouds would be in such a way that they remain unresolved in current far-infrared/submillimeter observations and hardly comtribute to the attenuation at optical wavelengths. More than two-thirds of the dust heating in NGC 4565 is powered by the old stellar population, with localized embedded sources supplying the remaining dust heating in NGC 4565. The results from this detailed dust energy balance study in NGC 4565 is consistent with that of similar analyses of other edge-on spirals.
We have detected the CO(6-5), CO(7-6), and [CI] 370 micron lines from the nuclear region of NGC 891 with our submillimeter grating spectrometer ZEUS on the CSO. These lines provide constraints on photodissociation region (PDR) and shock models that have been invoked to explain the H_2 S(0), S(1), and S(2) lines observed with Spitzer. We analyze our data together with the H_2 lines, CO(3-2), and IR continuum from the literature using a combined PDR/shock model. We find that the mid-J CO originates almost entirely from shock-excited warm molecular gas; contributions from PDRs are negligible. Also, almost all the H_2 S(2) and half of the S(1) line is predicted to emerge from shocks. Shocks with a pre-shock density of 2x10^4 cm^-3 and velocities of 10 km/s and 20 km/s for C-shocks and J-shocks, respectively, provide the best fit. In contrast, the [CI] line emission arises exclusively from the PDR component, which is best parameterized by a density of 3.2x10^3 cm^-3 and a FUV field of G_o = 100 for both PDR/shock-type combinations. Our mid-J CO observations show that turbulence is a very important heating source in molecular clouds, even in normal quiescent galaxies. The most likely energy sources for the shocks are supernovae or outflows from YSOs. The energetics of these shock sources favor C-shock excitation of the lines.
We present extremely deep imaging of the well-known edge-on galaxy NGC 4565 (the Needle Galaxy), observed as part of the Dragonfly Edge-on Galaxies Survey. Our imaging traces starlight over scales of ~100 kpc to surface brightnesses of ~32 mag/arcsec^2 in azimuthally averaged radial profiles. In narrow slice profiles along the major axis (with bin sizes ranging from 1.7 x 0.5 kpc to 1.7 x 7.8 kpc), we achieve a depth of ~29-30 mag/arcsec^2. We confirm the previously observed asymmetric disc truncation. In addition, the sharp northwest truncation turns over to a shallower component that coincides with a fan-like feature seen to wrap around the northwest disc limb. We propose that the fan may be a tidal ribbon, and qualitatively replicate the fan with simple simulations. Alternative explanations of the fan and the discs asymmetry are considered as well. We conclude that we are most likely seeing evidence for accretion-based outer disk growth in NGC 4565.
Cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) originating from the star-forming discs of spiral galaxies frequently form extended radio haloes that are best observable in edge-on galaxies. For the present study we selected two nearby edge-on galaxies from the CHANG-ES survey, NGC 891 and 4565, which differ largely in halo size and SFR. To figure out how such differences are related to the CRE transport in disc and halo, we use wide-band 1.5 and 6 GHz VLA observations obtained in the B, C, and D configurations, and combine the 6 GHz images with Effelsberg observations to correct for missing short spacings. We study the spatially resolved non-thermal spectral index distribution in terms of CRE spectral ageing, compute total magnetic field strengths assuming energy equipartition between CRs and magnetic fields, and also determine synchrotron scale heights. Based on the vertical profiles of synchrotron intensity and spectral index, we create purely advective and purely diffusive CRE transport models by numerically solving the 1D diffusion-loss equation. In particular, we investigate for the first time the radial dependence of synchrotron and magnetic field scale heights, advection speeds and diffusion coefficients in these two galaxies. We find the spectral index distribution of NGC 891 to be mostly consistent with continuous CRE injection, while in NGC 4565 the local synchrotron spectra are more in line with discrete-epoch CRE injection (JP or KP models). This implies that CRE injection timescales are lower than the synchrotron cooling timescales. The scale height of NGC 891 increases with radius, indicating that synchrotron losses are significant. NGC 891 is probably dominated by advective CRE transport at a velocity of $gtrsim150,mathrm{km,s^{-1}}$. In contrast, NGC 4565 is diffusion-dominated up to $z=1$ kpc or higher, with a diffusion coefficient of $geq2times10^{28},mathrm{cm^2,s^{-1}}$.
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