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Paleoenvironmental Indicators of Clay Minerals in Miocene Sediments, Northern Iraq

الدلائل البيئية القديمة للمعادن الطينية في ترسبات الميوسين شمال العراق

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 Publication date 2006
and research's language is العربية
 Created by Shamra Editor




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Clay mineralogy of the Miocene successions taken from northern Iraq constitute an important paleoenvironmental indication for the evolution of these sediments. Palygorskite is a common mineral especially in the lower Miocene sediments of Euphrates formation and the upper detrital part of the Fat'ha Formation belonging to the middle Miocene. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study indicated that this mineral, was formed authigenically by neoformation in suitable chemical conditions within the evaporitic environments. Other minerals (kaoloinite and illite) have been most probable formed in detrital system and were preserved in those evaporitic conditions. Common kaolinites in the Injana clastic Formation (Upper Miocene) as well as its habit in SEM images are indicators for its detrital origin in such continental sediments.


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Research summary
تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل معادن الطين في التتابعات الميوسينية في شمال العراق، وتحديداً في تكوينات الفرات (الميوسين السفلي)، الفتحة (الميوسين الأوسط)، وإنجانة (الميوسين العلوي). تم استخدام تقنيات المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) والأشعة السينية لتحليل العينات. أظهرت النتائج أن معدن الباليجورسكايت هو الأكثر شيوعاً في تكوين الفرات والجزء العلوي من تكوين الفتحة، حيث تشكل هذا المعدن في ظروف كيميائية مناسبة ضمن بيئات تبخيرية. كما تم العثور على معادن أخرى مثل الكاولينيت والإيليت التي تشكلت في نظام حتاتي وتم حفظها في تلك البيئات. تشير الصور المأخوذة بواسطة المجهر الإلكتروني إلى أن الكاولينيت الموجود في تكوين إنجانة له أصل حتاتي. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن معظم معادن الطين هي من أصل حتاتي، باستثناء الباليجورسكايت الذي تشكل بعملية تكوين ذاتي في البيئات التبخيرية. توصي الدراسة بإجراء المزيد من الأبحاث حول الأهمية الصناعية لهذه المعادن في التتابعات الميوسينية.
Critical review
دراسة نقدية: تعتبر هذه الدراسة مهمة لفهم تطور التتابعات الميوسينية في شمال العراق من خلال تحليل معادن الطين. ومع ذلك، يمكن توجيه بعض الانتقادات البناءة. أولاً، كان من الممكن توسيع نطاق الدراسة ليشمل مناطق أخرى في العراق للحصول على صورة أكثر شمولية. ثانياً، لم تتناول الدراسة بشكل كافٍ التأثيرات البيئية والجيولوجية الأخرى التي قد تكون أثرت على تشكيل هذه المعادن. ثالثاً، كان من الممكن تقديم توصيات أكثر تفصيلاً حول التطبيقات الصناعية المحتملة لهذه المعادن. على الرغم من هذه النقاط، تظل الدراسة قيمة وتقدم إسهامات مهمة في مجال الجيولوجيا.
Questions related to the research
  1. ما هي المعادن الطينية الأكثر شيوعاً في تكوين الفرات؟

    المعدن الطيني الأكثر شيوعاً في تكوين الفرات هو الباليجورسكايت.

  2. كيف تشكل معدن الباليجورسكايت في التتابعات الميوسينية؟

    تشكل معدن الباليجورسكايت بعملية تكوين ذاتي في ظروف كيميائية مناسبة ضمن بيئات تبخيرية.

  3. ما هي التقنيات المستخدمة لتحليل عينات الطين في هذه الدراسة؟

    تم استخدام تقنيات المجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) والأشعة السينية لتحليل عينات الطين.

  4. ما هي التوصيات التي قدمتها الدراسة بشأن معادن الطين في التتابعات الميوسينية؟

    توصي الدراسة بإجراء المزيد من الأبحاث حول الأهمية الصناعية لمعادن الطين في التتابعات الميوسينية.


References used
Al Banna, N.Y., (1982) Sedimentological study of Upper Fars Formation in selected areas, north Iraq. M.Sc Thesis, Mosul University, Iraq, 177 pp
Al-Naqib,S.Q., and Aghwan, Th. A., (1993) Sedimentological study of the clastic unit of the Lower Fars Formation. Iraqi Geological Journal, 26, 108-121
Al-Juboury, A.I., (1994) Petrology and provenance of the Upper Fars Formation (Upper Miocene), Northern Iraq, Acta Geologica Univ Comen Braislava 50: 45-53
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