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Register a new userPossible Observation of a Second Kind of Light
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R. Kuhne
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According to classical electrodynamics, sunlight that is passed through an iron layer can be detected with the naked eye only if the thickness of the layer is less than 170nm. However, in an old experiment, August Kundt was able to see the sunlight with the naked eye even when it had passed an iron layer with thickness greater than 200nm. To explain this observation, we propose a second kind of light which was introduced in a different context by Abdus Salam. A tabletop experiment can verify this possibility.
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Several years ago, I suggested a quantum field theory which has many attractive features. (1) It can explain the quantization of electric charge. (2) It describes symmetrized Maxwell equations. (3) It is manifestly covariant. (4) It describes local four-potentials. (5) It avoids the unphysical Dirac string. My model predicts a second kind of light, which I named ``magnetic photon rays. Here I will discuss possible observations of this radiation by August Kundt in 1885, Alipasha Vaziri in February 2002, and Roderic Lakes in June 2002.
We introduce the extended Freudenthal-Rosenfeld-Tits magic square based on six algebras: the reals $mathbb{R}$, complexes $mathbb{C}$, ternions $mathbb{T}$, quaternions $mathbb{H}$, sextonions $mathbb{S}$ and octonions $mathbb{O}$. The ternionic and sextonionic rows/columns of the magic square yield non-reductive Lie algebras, including $mathfrak{e}_{7scriptscriptstyle{frac{1}{2}}}$. It is demonstrated that the algebras of the extended magic square appear quite naturally as the symmetries of supergravity Lagrangians. The sextonionic row (for appropriate choices of real forms) gives the non-compact global symmetries of the Lagrangian for the $D=3$ maximal $mathcal{N}=16$, magic $mathcal{N}=4$ and magic non-supersymmetric theories, obtained by dimensionally reducing the $D=4$ parent theories on a circle, with the graviphoton left undualised. In particular, the extremal intermediate non-reductive Lie algebra $tilde{mathfrak{e}}_{7(7)scriptscriptstyle{frac{1}{2}}}$ (which is not a subalgebra of $mathfrak{e}_{8(8)}$) is the non-compact global symmetry algebra of $D=3$, $mathcal{N}=16$ supergravity as obtained by dimensionally reducing $D=4$, $mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity with $mathfrak{e}_{7(7)}$ symmetry on a circle. The ternionic row (for appropriate choices of real forms) gives the non-compact global symmetries of the Lagrangian for the $D=4$ maximal $mathcal{N}=8$, magic $mathcal{N}=2$ and magic non-supersymmetric theories obtained by dimensionally reducing the parent $D=5$ theories on a circle. In particular, the Kantor-Koecher-Tits intermediate non-reductive Lie algebra $mathfrak{e}_{6(6)scriptscriptstyle{frac{1}{4}}}$ is the non-compact global symmetry algebra of $D=4$, $mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity as obtained by dimensionally reducing $D=5$, $mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity with $mathfrak{e}_{6(6)}$ symmetry on a circle.
Using samples of 102 million $Upsilon(1S)$ and 158 million $Upsilon(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, we study exclusive hadronic decays of these two bottomonium resonances to the three-body final states $phi K^+ K^-$, $omega pi^+ pi^-$ and $K^{ast 0}(892) K^- pi^+ $, and to the two-body Vector-Tensor ($phi f_2(1525)$, $omega f_2(1270)$, $rho a_2(1320)$ and $K^{ast 0}(892) bar{K}_2^{ast 0}(1430) $) and Axial-vector-Pseudoscalar ($K_1(1270)^+ K^-$, $K_1(1400)^+ K^- $ and $b_1(1235)^+ pi^- $) pairs. Signals are observed for the first time in the $Upsilon(1S) to phi K^+ K^-$, $omega pi^+ pi^-$, $K^{ast 0} K^- pi^+$, $K^{ast0} K_2^{ast 0}$ and $Upsilon(2S) to phi K^+ K^-$, $K^{ast 0} K^- pi^+$ decay modes. Branching fractions are determined for all the processes, while 90% confidence level upper limits are established on the branching fractions for the modes with a statistical significance less than $3sigma$. The ratios of the branching fractions of $Upsilon(2S)$ and $Upsilon(1S)$ decays into the same final state are used to test a perturbative QCD prediction for OZI suppressed bottomonium decays.
The recent observations of the purely leptonic decay $Ds to mu^+ u_{mu}$ and $tau^+ u_{tau}$ at CLEO-c and $B$ factory may allow a possible contribution from a charged Higgs boson. One such measurement of the decay constant $f_{D_s}$ differs from the most precise unquenched lattice QCD calculation by 4 $sigma$ level. Meanwhile, the measured ratio, ${cal BR}(Ds to mu^+ u_{mu})$ / ${cal BR}(Dp to mu^+ u_{mu})$, is larger than the standard model prediction at 2.0$sigma$ level. We discuss that the precise measurement of the ratio ${cal BR}(Ds to mu^+ u_{mu})$ / ${cal BR}(Dp to mu^+ u_{mu})$ at BES-III will shed light on the presence of new intermediate particles by comparing the theoretical predictions, especially, the predictions of high precise unquenched lattice QCD calculation.
Electron-positron angular correlations were measured for the isovector magnetic dipole 17.6 MeV state ($J^pi=1^+$, $T=1$) $rightarrow$ ground state ($J^pi=0^+$, $T=0$) and the isoscalar magnetic dipole 18.15 MeV ($J^pi=1^+$, $T=0$) state $rightarrow$ ground state transitions in $^{8}$Be. Significant deviation from the internal pair creation was observed at large angles in the angular correlation for the isoscalar transition with a confidence level of $> 5sigma$. This observation might indicate that, in an intermediate step, a neutral isoscalar particle with a mass of 16.70$pm0.35 $ (stat)$pm 0.5 $ (sys) MeV$/c^2$ and $J^pi = 1^+$ was created.
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