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Register a new userCoalescing neutron stars -- a step towards physical models. II. Neutrino emission, neutron tori, and gamma-ray bursts
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Three-dimensional hydrodynamical, Newtonian calculations of the coalescence of equal-mass binary neutron stars are performed, including a physical high-density equation of state and a treatment of the neutrino emission of the heated matter. The total neutrino luminosity climbs to a maximum value of 1--$1.5cdot 10^{53}$~erg/s of which 90--95% originate from the toroidal gas cloud surrounding the very dense core formed after the merging. When the neutrino luminosities are highest, $ ubar u$-annihilation deposits about 0.2--0.3% of the emitted neutrino energy in the immediate neighborhood of the merger, and the maximum integral energy deposition rate is 3--$4cdot 10^{50}$~erg/s. Since the $3,M_{odot}$ core of the merged object will most likely collapse into a black hole within milliseconds, the energy that can be pumped into a pair-photon fireball is insufficient by a factor of about 1000 to explain $gamma$-ray bursts at cosmological distances with an energy of the order of $10^{51}/(4pi)$~erg/steradian. Analytical estimates show that the additional energy provided by the annihilation of $ ubar u$ pairs emitted from a possible accretion torus of $sim 0.1,M_{odot}$ around the central black hole is still more than a factor of 10 too small, unless focussing of the fireball into a jet-like expansion plays an important role. About $10^{-4}$--$10^{-3}$~$M_odot$ of material lost during the neutron star merging and swept out from the system in a neutrino-driven wind might be a site for nucleosythesis. Aspects of a possible r-processing in these ejecta are discussed.
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(Abridged) In this paper we present a compilation of results from our most advanced neutron star merger simulations, including a description of the employed numerical procedures and a more complete overview over a large number of computed models. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations were done with a code based on the Piecewise Parabolic Method with up to five levels of nested Cartesian grids. The simulations are basically Newtonian, but gravitational-wave emission and the corresponding back-reaction are taken into account. The use of a physical nuclear equation of state allows us to follow the thermodynamic history of the stellar medium and to compute the energy and lepton number loss due to the emission of neutrinos. The computed models differ concerning the neutron star masses and mass ratios, the neutron star spins, the numerical resolution expressed by the cell size of the finest grid and the number of grid levels, and the calculation of the temperature from the solution of the entropy equation instead of the energy equation. Our simulations show that the details of the gravitational-wave emission are still sensitive to the numerical resolution, even in our highest-quality calculations. The amount of mass which can be ejected from neutron star mergers depends strongly on the angular momentum of the system. Our results do not support the initial conditions of temperature and proton-to-nucleon ratio assumed in recent work for producing a solar r-process pattern for nuclei around and above the A approx 130 peak. The improved models confirm our previous conclusion that gamma-ray bursts are not powered by neutrino emission during the dynamical phase of the merging of two neutron stars.
Three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations are presented for the direct head-on or off-center collision of two neutron stars, employing a basically Newtonian PPM code but including the emission of gravitational waves and their back-reaction on the hydrodynamical flow. A physical nuclear equation of state is used that allows us to follow the thermodynamical evolution of the stellar matter and to compute the emission of neutrinos. Predicted gravitational wave signals, luminosities and waveforms, are presented. The models are evaluated for their implications for gamma-ray burst scenarios. We find an extremely luminous outburst of neutrinos with a peak luminosity of more than 4E54 erg/s for several milliseconds. This leads to an efficiency of about 1% for the annihilation of neutrinos with antineutrinos, corresponding to an average energy deposition rate of more than 1E52 erg/s and a total energy of about 1E50 erg deposited in electron-positron pairs around the collision site within 10ms. Although these numbers seem very favorable for gamma-ray burst scenarios, the pollution of the $e^pm$ pair-plasma cloud with nearly 0.1$M_{odot}$ of dynamically ejected baryons is 5 orders of magnitude too large. Therefore the formation of a relativistically expanding fireball that leads to a gamma-ray burst powered by neutrino emission from colliding neutron stars is definitely ruled out.
LOFAR, the Low Frequency Array, is an innovative new radio telescope currently under construction in the Netherlands. With its continuous monitoring of the radio sky we expect LOFAR will detect many new transient events, including GRB afterglows and pulsating/single-burst neutron stars. We here describe all-sky surveys ranging from a time resolution of microseconds to a cadence span of years.
Neutrino emissivities in a neutron star are computed for the neutrino bremsstrahlung process. In the first part the electro-weak nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung is calculated in free space in terms of a on-shell $T$-matrix using a generalized Low energy theorem. In the second part the emissivities are calculated in terms of the hadronic polarization at the two-loop level. Various medium effects, such as finite particle width, Pauli blocking in the $T$-matrix are considered. Compared to the pioneering work of Friman and Maxwell in terms of (anti-symmetrized) one-pion exchange the resulting emissivity is about a factor 4 smaller at saturation density.
The idea that gamma-ray bursts might be a kind of phenomena associated with neutron star kicks was first proposed by Dar & Plaga (1999). Here we study this mechanism in more detail and point out that the neutron star should be a high speed one (with proper motion larger than $sim 1000$ km/s). It is shown that the model agrees well with observations in many aspects, such as the energetics, the event rate, the collimation, the bimodal distribution of durations, the narrowly clustered intrinsic energy, and the association of gamma-ray bursts with supernovae and star forming regions. We also discuss the implications of this model on the neutron star kick mechanism, and suggest that the high kick speed were probably acquired due to the electromagnetic rocket effect of a millisecond magnetar with an off-centered magnetic dipole.
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