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Register a new userLes Houches Lectures on Indirect Detection of Dark Matter
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Tracy R. Slatyer
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These lectures, presented at the 2021 Les Houches Summer School on Dark Matter, provide an introduction to key methods and tools of indirect dark matter searches, as well as a status report on the field circa summer 2021. Topics covered include the possible effects of energy injection from dark matter on the early universe, methods to calculate both the expected energy distribution and spatial distribution of particles produced by dark matter interactions, an outline of theoretical models that predict diverse signals in indirect detection, and a discussion of current constraints and some claimed anomalies. These notes are intended as an introduction to indirect dark matter searches for graduate students, focusing primarily on intuition-building estimates and useful concepts and tools.
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The theoretical tools required to construct models in warped extra dimensions are presented. This includes how to localise zero modes in the warped bulk and how to obtain the holographic interpretation using the AdS/CFT correspondence. Several models formulated in warped space are then discussed including nonsupersymmetric and supersymmetric theories as well as their dual interpretation. Finally it is shown how grand unification occurs in warped models.
These lectures review the formalism of renormalization in quantum field theories with special regard to effective quantum field theories. While renormalization theory is part of every advanced course on quantum field theory, for effective theories some more advanced topics become particularly important. This includes the renormalization of composite operators, operator mixing under scale evolution, and the resummation of large logarithms of scale ratios. This course thus sets the basis for many of the more specialized lecture courses delivered at the 2017 Les Houches Summer School.
The majority of the matter in the universe is still unidentified and under investigation by both direct and indirect means. Many experiments searching for the recoil of dark-matter particles off target nuclei in underground laboratories have established increasingly strong constraints on the mass and scattering cross sections of weakly interacting particles, and some have even seen hints at a possible signal. Other experiments search for a possible mixing of photons with light scalar or pseudo-scalar particles that could also constitute dark matter. Furthermore, annihilation or decay of dark matter can contribute to charged cosmic rays, photons at all energies, and neutrinos. Many existing and future ground-based and satellite experiments are sensitive to such signals. Finally, data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN are scrutinized for missing energy as a signature of new weakly interacting particles that may be related to dark matter. In this review article we summarize the status of the field with an emphasis on the complementarity between direct detection in dedicated laboratory experiments, indirect detection in the cosmic radiation, and searches at particle accelerators.
Rotation curve measurements provided the first strong indication that a significant fraction of matter in the Universe is non-baryonic. Since then, a tremendous amount of progress has been made on both the theoretical and experimental fronts in the search for this missing matter, which we now know constitutes nearly 85% of the Universes matter density. These series of lectures, first given at the TASI 2015 summer school, provide an introduction to the basics of dark matter physics. They are geared for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student interested in pursuing research in high-energy physics. The primary goal is to build an understanding of how observations constrain the assumptions that can be made about the astro- and particle physics properties of dark matter. The lectures begin by delineating the basic assumptions that can be inferred about dark matter from rotation curves. A detailed discussion of thermal dark matter follows, motivating Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, as well as lighter-mass alternatives. As an application of these concepts, the phenomenology of direct and indirect detection experiments is discussed in detail.
J-factors (or D-factors) describe the distribution of dark matter in an astrophysical system and determine the strength of the signal provided by annihilating (or decaying) dark matter respectively. We provide simple analytic formulae to calculate the J-factors for spherical cusps obeying the empirical relationship between enclosed mass, velocity dispersion and half-light radius. We extend the calculation to the spherical Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) model, and demonstrate that our new formulae give accurate results in comparison to more elaborate Jeans models driven by Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Of the known ultrafaint dwarf spheroidals, we show that Ursa Major II, Reticulum II, Tucana II and Horologium I have the largest J-factors and so provide the most promising candidates for indirect dark matter detection experiments. Amongst the classical dwarfs, Draco, Sculptor and Ursa Minor have the highest J-factors. We show that the behaviour of the J-factor as a function of integration angle can be inferred for general dark halo models with inner slope $gamma$ and outer slope $beta$. The central and asymptotic behaviour of the J-factor curves are derived as a function of the dark halo properties. Finally, we show that models obeying the empirical relation on enclosed mass and velocity dispersion have J-factors that are most robust at the integration angle equal to the projected half-light radius of the dSph divided by heliocentric distance. For most of our results, we give the extension to the D-factor which is appropriate for the decaying dark matter picture.
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