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A ballot permutation is a permutation {pi} such that in any prefix of {pi} the descent number is not more than the ascent number. In this article, we obtained a formula in close form for the multivariate generating function of {A(n,d,j)}, which denote the number of permutations of length n with d descents and j as the first letter. Besides, by a series of calculations with generatingfunctionology, we confirm a recent conjecture of Wang and Zhang for ballot permutations.
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In this work we propose a combinatorial model that generalizes the standard definition of permutation. Our model generalizes the degenerate Eulerian polynomials and numbers of Carlitz from 1979 and provides missing combinatorial proofs for some relations on the degenerate Eulerian numbers.
A ballot permutation is a permutation $pi$ such that in any prefix of $pi$ the descent number is not more than the ascent number. By using a reversal concatenation map, we give a formula for the joint distribution (pk, des) of the peak and descent statistics over ballot permutations, and connect this distribution and the joint distribution (pk, dp, des) of the peak, depth, and descent statistics over ordinary permutations in terms of generating functions. As corollaries, we obtain several formulas for the bivariate generating function for (i) the peak statistic over ballot permutations,(ii) the descent statistic over ballot permutations, and (iii) the depth statistic over ordinary permutations. In particular, we confirm Spiros conjecture which finds the equidistribution of the descent statistic for ballot permutations and an analogue of the descent statistic for odd order permutations.
The Springer numbers are defined in connection with the irreducible root systems of type $B_n$, which also arise as the generalized Euler and class numbers introduced by Shanks. Combinatorial interpretations of the Springer numbers have been found by Purtill in terms of Andre signed permutations, and by Arnold in terms of snakes of type $B_n$. We introduce the inversion code of a snake of type $B_n$ and establish a bijection between labeled ballot paths of length n and snakes of type $B_n$. Moreover, we obtain the bivariate generating function for the number B(n,k) of labeled ballot paths starting at (0,0) and ending at (n,k). Using our bijection, we find a statistic $alpha$ such that the number of snakes $pi$ of type $B_n$ with $alpha(pi)=k$ equals B(n,k). We also show that our bijection specializes to a bijection between labeled Dyck paths of length 2n and alternating permutations on [2n].
A permutation whose any prefix has no more descents than ascents is called a ballot permutation. In this paper, we present a decomposition of ballot permutations that enables us to construct a bijection between ballot permutations and odd order permutations, which proves a set-valued extension of a conjecture due to Spiro using the statistic of peak values. This bijection also preserves the neighbors of the largest letter in permutations and thus resolves a refinement of Spiro s conjecture proposed by Wang and Zhang. Our decomposition can be extended to well-labelled positive paths, a class of generalized ballot permutations arising from polytope theory, that were enumerated by Bernardi, Duplantier and Nadeau. We will also investigate the enumerative aspect of ballot permutations avoiding a single pattern of length 3 and establish a connection between 213-avoiding ballot permutations and Gessel walks.
Recently, Nunge studied Eulerian polynomials on segmented permutations, namely emph{generalized Eulerian polynomials}, and further asked whether their coefficients form unimodal sequences. In this paper, we prove the stability of the generalized Eulerian polynomials and hence confirm Nunges conjecture. Our proof is based on Brandens stable multivariate Eulerian polynomials. By acting on Brandens polynomials with a stability-preserving linear operator, we get a multivariate refinement of the generalized Eulerian polynomials. To prove Nunges conjecture, we also develop a general approach to obtain generalized Sturm sequences from bivariate stable polynomials.
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