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Register a new userZero-Shot Audio Classification with Factored Linear and Nonlinear Acoustic-Semantic Projections
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Added by
Huang Xie
Publication date
2020
fields
Electronic Engineering
and research's language is
English
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In this paper, we study zero-shot learning in audio classification through factored linear and nonlinear acoustic-semantic projections between audio instances and sound classes. Zero-shot learning in audio classification refers to classification problems that aim at recognizing audio instances of sound classes, which have no available training data but only semantic side information. In this paper, we address zero-shot learning by employing factored linear and nonlinear acoustic-semantic projections. We develop factored linear projections by applying rank decomposition to a bilinear model, and use nonlinear activation functions, such as tanh, to model the non-linearity between acoustic embeddings and semantic embeddings. Compared with the prior bilinear model, experimental results show that the proposed projection methods are effective for improving classification performance of zero-shot learning in audio classification.
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In this paper, we study zero-shot learning in audio classification via semantic embeddings extracted from textual labels and sentence descriptions of sound classes. Our goal is to obtain a classifier that is capable of recognizing audio instances of sound classes that have no available training samples, but only semantic side information. We employ a bilinear compatibility framework to learn an acoustic-semantic projection between intermediate-level representations of audio instances and sound classes, i.e., acoustic embeddings and semantic embeddings. We use VGGish to extract deep acoustic embeddings from audio clips, and pre-trained language models (Word2Vec, GloVe, BERT) to generate either label embeddings from textual labels or sentence embeddings from sentence descriptions of sound classes. Audio classification is performed by a linear compatibility function that measures how compatible an acoustic embedding and a semantic embedding are. We evaluate the proposed method on a small balanced dataset ESC-50 and a large-scale unbalanced audio subset of AudioSet. The experimental results show that classification performance is significantly improved by involving sound classes that are semantically close to the test classes in training. Meanwhile, we demonstrate that both label embeddings and sentence embeddings are useful for zero-shot learning. Classification performance is improved by concatenating label/sentence embeddings generated with different language models. With their hybrid concatenations, the results are improved further.
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Semantic segmentation models are limited in their ability to scale to large numbers of object classes. In this paper, we introduce the new task of zero-shot semantic segmentation: learning pixel-wise classifiers for never-seen object categories with zero training examples. To this end, we present a novel architecture, ZS3Net, combining a deep visual segmentation model with an approach to generate visual representations from semantic word embeddings. By this way, ZS3Net addresses pixel classification tasks where both seen and unseen categories are faced at test time (so called generalized zero-shot classification). Performance is further improved by a self-training step that relies on automatic pseudo-labeling of pixels from unseen classes. On the two standard segmentation datasets, Pascal-VOC and Pascal-Context, we propose zero-shot benchmarks and set competitive baselines. For complex scenes as ones in the Pascal-Context dataset, we extend our approach by using a graph-context encoding to fully leverage spatial context priors coming from class-wise segmentation maps.
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