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This paper presents the results of the proton irradiation of silicon photomulipliers (SiPMs) by mono-energetic 170 MeV protons with fluence up to 4.6$times$10$^{9}$ particles/cm$^2$. In our work, three types of silicon photodetectors from Hamamatsu with areas 3$times$3 mm$^2$ and different subpixel sizes of 25$times$25 $mu$m$^2$, 50$times$50 $mu$m$^2$, and 75$times$75 $mu$m$^2$ were used. The changes in the SiPM dark count rate (DCR) spectrum before and after irradiation in temperatures in the range of 20 $^circ$C to -65 $^circ$C are presented. The influence of the DCR changes on the energy resolution of the 662 keV gamma line from the $^{137}$Cs for a non-irradiated GAGG:Ce (1$%$) scintillator is investigated. The time period of usability of the SiPM detector irradiated by protons in cosmic space was estimated.
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Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPM) are an excellent choice for the scintillator light readout at hadron calorimeters due to their insensitivity to magnetic fields, low operating voltages, low cost, compactness and mechanical endurance. They are already successfully utilized in Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) of NA61 at CERN, and will be utilized soon in PSD of CBM at FAIR and Forward Hadron CALorimeters (FHCAL) of BM@N at NICA heavy-ion collision experiments. The main issue of SiPM application is their degradation due to high neutron fluence that can reach up to 2E11 neq/cm2 per year of the experiment operation. Multiple irradiation tests of SiPMs produced by Ketek, Zecotek, Hamamatsu and Sensl manufacturers were conducted at the cyclotron of NPI Rez with a broad neutron spectrum and total fluences in the wide range of 5E10 - 6E12 neq/cm2. Detailed characterisation of all SiPMs was performed based on dependencies of dark current on voltage, capacitance on voltage and frequency, and response to LED light on voltage. SiPMs breakdown voltage, quenching resistance, pixel capacitance, gain and signal to noise ratio were extracted from these measurements. Those parameters dependence on neutron fluence and their variability are discussed. Performance of the PSD calorimeter module equipped with irradiated SiPMs in CERN during the beam scan with 2 - 80 GeV/c protons is briefly overviewed.
The scheduled High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider presents new challenges in terms of radiation hardness. As a consequence, campaigns to qualify the radiation hardness of detector sensors and components are undertaken worldwide. The effects of irradiation with beams of different particle species and energy, aiming to assess displacement damage in semiconductor devices, are communicated in terms of the equivalent 1 MeV neutron fluence, using the hardness factor for the conversion. In this work, the hardness factors for protons at three different kinetic energies have been measured by analysing the I-V and C-V characteristics of reverse biased diodes, pre- and post-irradiation. The sensors were irradiated at the MC40 Cyclotron of the University of Birmingham, the cyclotron at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and the IRRAD proton facility at CERN, with the respective measured proton hardness factors being: 2.1 +/- 0.5 for 24 MeV, 2.2 +/- 0.4 for 23 MeV, and 0.62 +/- 0.04 for 23 GeV. The hardness factors currently used in these three facilities are in agreement with the presented measurements.
In this paper we illustrate techniques for digitized waveform signal processing of fast timing detectors. In the example discussed here, timing analysis of SiPM signals in the presence of high Dark Count Rates, a large data set of digitized waveforms is used to develop an optimal strategy relevant to the electronics front end design.
We describe a novel high-speed front-end electronic board (FEB) for interfacing an array of 32 Silicon Photo-multipliers (SiPM) with a computer. The FEB provides individually adjustable bias on the SiPMs, and performs low-noise analog signal amplification, conditioning and digitization. It provides event timing information accurate to 1.3 ns RMS. The back-end data interface is realized on the basis of 100 Mbps Ethernet. The design allows daisy-chaining of up to 256 units into one network interface, thus enabling compact and efficient readout schemes for multi-channel scintillating detectors, using SiPMs as photo-sensors.
Particle detectors based on liquid argon are now recognised as an attractive technology for dark matter direct detection and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering measurement. A program using a dual-phase liquid argon detector with a fiducial mass of 200~kg to detect coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering at Taishan Nuclear Power Plant has been proposed. SiPMs will be used as the photon sensor because of their high radio-purity and high photon detection efficiency. S13370-6050CN SiPM, made by Hamamatsu, is a candidate for the detector. In this paper, the characterisation of S13370-6050CN SiPM, including the cross talk and after pulse probabilities at liquid argon temperature and the temperature dependence of break down voltage, dark counting rate and relative quantum efficiency were presented.
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