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Register a new userPatchworkWave: A Multipatch Infrastructure for Multiphysics/Multiscale/Multiframe/Multimethod Simulations at Arbitrary Order
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We present an extension of the PatchworkMHD code [1], itself an MHD-capable extension of the Patchwork code [2], for which several algorithms presented here were co-developed. Its purpose is to create a multipatch scheme compatible with numerical simulations of arbitrary equations of motion at any discretization order in space and time. In the Patchwork framework, the global simulation is comprised of an arbitrary number of moving, local meshes, or patches, which are free to employ their own resolution, coordinate system/topology, physics equations, reference frame, and in our new approach, numerical method. Each local patch exchanges boundary data with a single global patch on which all other patches reside through a client-router-server parallelization model. In generalizing Patchwork to be compatible with arbitrary order time integration, PatchworkMHD and PatchworkWave have significantly improved the interpatch interpolation accuracy by removing an interpolation of interpolated data feedback present in the original Patchwork code. Furthermore, we extend Patchwork to be multimethod by allowing multiple state vectors to be updated simultaneously, with each state vector providing its own interpatch interpolation and transformation procedures. As such, our scheme is compatible with nearly any set of hyperbolic partial differential equations. We demonstrate our changes through the implementation of a scalar wave toy-model that is evolved on arbitrary, time dependent patch configurations at 4th order accuracy.
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We present MUSE, a software framework for combining existing computational tools for different astrophysical domains into a single multiphysics, multiscale application. MUSE facilitates the coupling of existing codes written in different languages by providing inter-language tools and by specifying an interface between each module and the framework that represents a balance between generality and computational efficiency. This approach allows scientists to use combinations of codes to solve highly-coupled problems without the need to write new codes for other domains or significantly alter their existing codes. MUSE currently incorporates the domains of stellar dynamics, stellar evolution and stellar hydrodynamics for studying generalized stellar systems. We have now reached a Noahs Ark milestone, with (at least) two available numerical solvers for each domain. MUSE can treat multi-scale and multi-physics systems in which the time- and size-scales are well separated, like simulating the evolution of planetary systems, small stellar associations, dense stellar clusters, galaxies and galactic nuclei. In this paper we describe three examples calculated using MUSE: the merger of two galaxies, the merger of two evolving stars, and a hybrid N-body simulation. In addition, we demonstrate an implementation of MUSE on a distributed computer which may also include special-purpose hardware, such as GRAPEs or GPUs, to accelerate computations. The current MUSE code base is publicly available as open source at http://muse.li
Collisionless plasmas, mostly present in astrophysical and space environments, often require a kinetic treatment as given by the Vlasov equation. Unfortunately, the six-dimensional Vlasov equation can only be solved on very small parts of the considered spatial domain. However, in some cases, e.g. magnetic reconnection, it is sufficient to solve the Vlasov equation in a localized domain and solve the remaining domain by appropriate fluid models. In this paper, we describe a hierarchical treatment of collisionless plasmas in the following way. On the finest level of description, the Vlasov equation is solved both for ions and electrons. The next courser description treats electrons with a 10-moment fluid model incorporating a simplified treatment of Landau damping. At the boundary between the electron kinetic and fluid region, the central question is how the fluid moments influence the electron distribution function. On the next coarser level of description the ions are treated by an 10-moment fluid model as well. It may turn out that in some spatial regions far away from the reconnection zone the temperature tensor in the 10-moment description is nearly isotopic. In this case it is even possible to switch to a 5-moment description. This change can be done separately for ions and electrons. To test this multiphysics approach, we apply this full physics-adaptive simulations to the Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) challenge of magnetic reconnection.
Numerical Relativity is a mature field with many applications in Astrophysics, Cosmology and even in Fundamental Physics. As such, we are entering a stage in which new sophisticated methods adapted to open problems are being developed. In this paper, we advocate the use of Pseudo-Spectral Collocation (PSC) methods in combination with high-order precision arithmetic for Numerical Relativity problems with high accuracy and performance requirements. The PSC method provides exponential convergence (for smooth problems, as is the case in many problems in Numerical Relativity) and we can use different bit precision without the need of changing the structure of the numerical algorithms. Moreover, the PSC method provides high-compression storage of the information. We introduce a series of techniques for combining these tools and show their potential in two problems in relativistic gravitational collapse: (i) The classical Choptuik collapse, estimating with arbitrary precision the location of the apparent horizon. (ii) Collapse in asympotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes, showing that the total energy is preserved by the numerical evolution to a very high degree of precision.
In this article we develop a numerical scheme to deal with interfaces between touching numerical grids when solving the second-order wave equation. We show that it is possible to implement an interface scheme of penalty type for the second-order wave equation, similar to the ones used for first-order hyperbolic and parabolic equations, and the second-order scheme used by Mattsson et al (2008). These schemes, known as SAT schemes for finite difference approximations and penalties for spectral ones, and ours share similar properties but in our case one needs to pass at the interface a smaller amount of data than previously known schemes. This is important for multi-block parallelizations in several dimensions, for it implies that one obtains the same solution quality while sharing among different computational grids only a fraction of the data one would need for a comparable (in accuracy) SAT or Mattsson et al.s scheme. The semi-discrete approximation used here preserves the norm and uses standard finite-difference operators satisfying summation by parts. For the time integrator we use a semi-implicit IMEX Runge-Kutta method. This is crucial, since the explicit Runge-Kutta method would be impractical given the severe restrictions that arise from the stiff parts of the equations.
We present a new three-dimensional general-relativistic hydrodynamic evolution scheme coupled to dynamical spacetime evolutions which is capable of efficiently simulating stellar collapse, isolated neutron stars, black hole formation, and binary neutron star coalescence. We make use of a set of adapted curvi-linear grids (multipatches) coupled with flux-conservative cell-centered adaptive mesh refinement. This allows us to significantly enlarge our computational domains while still maintaining high resolution in the gravitational-wave extraction zone, the exterior layers of a star, or the region of mass ejection in merging neutron stars. The fluid is evolved with a high-resolution shock capturing finite volume scheme, while the spacetime geometry is evolved using fourth-order finite differences. We employ a multi-rate Runge-Kutta time integration scheme for efficiency, evolving the fluid with second-order and the spacetime geometry with fourth-order integration, respectively. We validate our code by a number of benchmark problems: a rotating stellar collapse model, an excited neutron star, neutron star collapse to a black hole, and binary neutron star coalescence. The test problems, especially the latter, greatly benefit from higher resolution in the gravitational-wave extraction zone, causally disconnected outer boundaries, and application of Cauchy-characteristic gravitational-wave extraction. We show that we are able to extract convergent gravitational-wave modes up to (l,m)=(6,6). This study paves the way for more realistic and detailed studies of compact objects and stellar collapse in full three dimensions and in large computational domains. The multipatch infrastructure and the improvements to mesh refinement and hydrodynamics codes discussed in this paper will be made available as part of the open-source Einstein Toolkit.
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