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Register a new userW-boson and trident production in TeV--PeV neutrino observatories
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Detecting TeV--PeV cosmic neutrinos provides crucial tests of neutrino physics and astrophysics. The statistics of IceCube and the larger proposed IceCube-Gen2 demand calculations of neutrino-nucleus interactions subdominant to deep-inelastic scattering, which is mediated by weak-boson couplings to nuclei. The largest such interactions are W-boson and trident production, which are mediated instead through photon couplings to nuclei. In a companion paper [1], we make the most comprehensive and precise calculations of those interactions at high energies. In this paper, we study their phenomenological consequences. We find that: (1) These interactions are dominated by the production of on-shell W-bosons, which carry most of the neutrino energy, (2) The cross section on water/iron can be as large as 7.5%/14% that of charged-current deep-inelastic scattering, much larger than the quoted uncertainty on the latter, (3) Attenuation in Earth is increased by as much as 15%, (4) W-boson production on nuclei exceeds that through the Glashow resonance on electrons by a factor of $simeq$ 20 for the best-fit IceCube spectrum, (5) The primary signals are showers that will significantly affect the detection rate in IceCube-Gen2; a small fraction of events give unique signatures that may be detected sooner.
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The physics of neutrino-nucleus cross sections is a critical probe of the Standard Model and beyond. A precise understanding is also needed to accurately deduce astrophysical neutrino spectra. At energies above $sim 5$ GeV, the cross section is dominated by deep inelastic scattering, mediated by weak bosons. In addition, there are subdominant processes where the hadronic coupling is through virtual photons, $gamma^ast$: (on-shell) $W$-boson production (e.g., where the underlying interaction is $ u_ell + gamma^ast rightarrow ell^- + W^+$) and trident production (e.g., where it is $ u + gamma^ast rightarrow u + ell_1^- + ell_2^+$). These processes become increasingly relevant at TeV--PeV energies. We undertake the first systematic approach to these processes (and those with hadronic couplings through virtual $W$ and $Z$ bosons), treating them together, avoiding common approximations, considering all neutrino flavors and final states, and covering the energy range $10,$--$10^8$ GeV. In particular, we present the first complete calculation of $W$-boson production and the first calculation of trident production at TeV--PeV energies. When we use the same assumptions as in prior work, we recover all of their major results. In a companion paper, we show that these processes should be taken into account for IceCube-Gen2.
The hints from the LHC for the existence of a $W$ boson of mass around 1.9 TeV point towards a certain $SU(2)_Ltimes SU(2)_Rtimes U(1)_{B-L}$ gauge theory with an extended Higgs sector. We show that the decays of the $W$ boson into heavy Higgs bosons have sizable branching fractions. Interpreting the ATLAS excess events in the search for same-sign lepton pairs plus $b$ jets as arising from $W$ cascade decays, we estimate that the masses of the heavy Higgs bosons are in the 400--700 GeV range.
We construct an $SU(2)_Ltimes SU(2)_Rtimes U(1)_{B-L}$ model with a Higgs sector that consists of a bidoublet and a doublet, and with a right-handed neutrino sector that includes one Dirac fermion and one Majorana fermion. This model explains the Run 1 CMS and ATLAS excess events in the $e^+e^-jj$, $jj$, $Wh^0$ and $WZ$ channels in terms of a $W$ boson of mass near 1.9 TeV and of coupling $g_R$ in the 0.4--0.5 range, with the lower half preferred by limits on $t bar b$ resonances and Run 2 results. The production cross section of this $W$ boson at the 13 TeV LHC is in the 700--900 fb range, allowing sensitivity in more than 17 final states. We determine that the $Z$ boson has a mass in the 3.4--4.5 TeV range and several decay channels that can be probed in Run 2 of the LHC, including cascade decays via heavy Higgs bosons.
The Glashow resonant scattering, $i.e$. ${overline{ u}^{}_{e} + e^{-} rightarrow W^{-} rightarrow text{anything}}$, offers us a possibility of disentangling $overline{ u}^{}_{e}$ from the total astrophysical neutrino fluxes. Meanwhile, a great number of high-energy neutrino telescopes, with various detection mechanisms, are advancing towards a better understanding of one of the most energetic frontiers of the Universe. In this work, we investigate a connection between through-going muons at IceCube and the Glashow resonance signal through the channel $W^{-} rightarrow mu$. We find that for IceCube, muons from $overline{ u}^{}_{e}$ can induce a $sim20%$ excess of PeV events around the horizontal direction. However, the current statistic of IceCube is not enough to observe such an excess. We also address the novel possibility of $overline{ u}^{}_{e}$ detection via $W^{-} rightarrow tau$ at telescopes aiming to detect Earth-skimming and mountain-penetrating neutrinos. The subsequent hadronic decay of a tau will induce an extensive air shower which can be detected by telescopes with Cherenkov or fluorescence techniques. Similar to IceCube, it is challenging to observe the Glashow resonance excess from the Earth-skimming neutrinos. Nevertheless, we find it is promising to observe Glashow resonance events with a mountain as the target.
To measure spin-dependent parton distribution functions in the production of W bosons at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, an accurate model for distributions of charged leptons from the W boson decay is needed. We present single-spin lepton-level cross sections of order $alpha_S$ for this process, as well as resummed cross sections, which include multiple parton radiation effects. We also present a program RhicBos for the numerical analysis of single-spin and double-spin cross sections in the Drell-Yan process, W and Z boson production.
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