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Register a new userNon-equilibrium probability flux of a thermally driven micromachine
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We discuss the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of a thermally driven micromachine consisting of three spheres and two harmonic springs [Y. Hosaka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 86, 113801 (2017)]. We obtain the non-equilibrium steady state probability distribution function of such a micromachine and calculate its probability flux in the corresponding configuration space. The resulting probability flux can be expressed in terms of a frequency matrix that is used to distinguish between a non-equilibrium steady state and a thermal equilibrium state satisfying detailed balance. The frequency matrix is shown to be proportional to the temperature difference between the spheres. We obtain a linear relation between the eigenvalue of the frequency matrix and the average velocity of a thermally driven micromachine that can undergo a directed motion in a viscous fluid. This relation is consistent with the scallop theorem for a deterministic three-sphere microswimmer.
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We discuss the non-equilibrium properties of a thermally driven micromachine consisting of three spheres which are in equilibrium with independent heat baths characterized by different temperatures. Within the framework of a linear stochastic Langevin description, we calculate the time-dependent average irreversibility that takes a maximum value for a finite time. This time scale is roughly set by the spring relaxation time. The steady-state average entropy production rate is obtained in terms of the temperatures and the friction coefficients of the spheres. The average entropy production rate depends on thermal and/or mechanical asymmetry of a three-sphere micromachine. We also obtain the center of mass diffusion coefficient of a thermally driven three-sphere micromachine as a function of different temperatures and friction coefficients. With the results of the total entropy production rate and the diffusion coefficient, we finally discuss the efficiency of a thermally driven micromachine.
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