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Register a new userExpansion Dynamics After Laser-Induced Cavitation in Liquid Tin Microdroplets
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The cavitation-driven expansion dynamics of liquid tin microdroplets is investigated, set in motion by the ablative impact of a 15-ps laser pulse. We combine high-resolution stroboscopic shadowgraphy with an intuitive fluid dynamic model that includes the onset of fragmentation, and find good agreement between model and experimental data for two different droplet sizes over a wide range of laser pulse energies. The dependence of the initial expansion velocity on these experimental parameters is heuristically captured in a single power law. Further, the obtained late-time mass distributions are shown to be governed by a single parameter. These studies are performed under conditions relevant for plasma light sources for extreme-ultraviolet nanolithography.
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The dynamics of spherical laser-induced cavitation bubbles in water is investigated by plasma photography, time-resolved shadowgraphs, and single-shot probe beam scattering enabling to portray the transition from initial nonlinear to late linear oscillations. The frequency of late oscillations yields the bubbles gas content. Simulations with the Gilmore model using plasma size as input and oscillation times as fit parameter provide insights into experimentally not accessible bubble parameters and shock wave emission. The model is extended by a term covering the initial shock-driven acceleration of the bubble wall, an automated method determining shock front position and pressure decay, and an energy balance for the partitioning of absorbed laser energy into vaporization, bubble and shock wave energy, and dissipation through viscosity and condensation. These tools are used for analysing a scattering signal covering 102 oscillation cycles. The bubble was produced by a plasma with 1550 K average temperature and had 36 $mu$m maximum radius. Predicted bubble wall velocities during expansion agree well with experimental data. Upon first collapse, most energy was stored in the compressed liquid around the bubble and then radiated away acoustically. The collapsed bubble contained more vapour than gas, and its pressure was 13.5 GPa. The pressure of the rebound shock wave initially decayed $propto r^{-1.8}$, and energy dissipation at the shock front heated liquid near the bubble wall above the superheat limit. The shock-induced temperature rise reduces damping during late bubble oscillations. Bubble dynamics changes significantly for small bubbles with less than 10 $mu$m radius.
This letter reports on the femtosecond laser fabrication of gradient-wettability micro/nano- patterns on Si surfaces. The dynamics of directional droplet spreading on the surface tension gradients developed is systematically investigated and discussed. It is shown that microdroplets on the patterned surfaces spread at a maximum speed of 505 mm/sec, that is the highest velocity demonstrated so far for liquid spreading on a surface tension gradient in ambient conditions. The application of the proposed laser patterning technique for the precise fabrication of surface tension gradients for open microfluidic systems, liquid management in fuel cells and drug delivery is envisaged.
Cloud cavitation causes nontrivial energy concentration and acoustic shielding in liquid, and its control is a long-standing challenge due to complex dynamics of bubble clouds. We present a new framework to study closed-loop control of cavitation through acoustic feedback. While previous approaches used empirical thresholding, we employ model-based state estimation of coherent bubble dynamics based on theory and high-performance computing. Using a pulsed ultrasound setup, we demonstrate set-point control of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to modulate acoustic cavitation near a solid target over $O(100)$ s. We identify a quasi-equilibrium correlation between PRF and the bubble dynamics, and an optimal PRF to minimize acoustic shielding of the target. This framework can be readily scaled up by enhanced acoustic sensing and computational power.
The measurement of the propulsion of metallic microdroplets exposed to nanosecond laser pulses provides an elegant method for probing the ablation pressure in dense laser-produced plasma. We present the measurements of the propulsion velocity over three decades in the driving Nd:YAG laser pulse energy, and observe a near-perfect power law dependence. Simulations performed with the RALEF-2D radiation-hydrodynamic code are shown to be in good agreement with the power law above a specific threshold energy. The simulations highlight the importance of radiative losses which significantly modify the power of the pressure scaling. Having found a good agreement between the experiment and the simulations, we investigate the analytic origins of the obtained power law and conclude that none of the available analytic theories is directly applicable for explaining our power exponent.
Microscopic vapor explosions or cavitation bubbles can be generated periodically in an optical tweezer with a microparticle that partially absorbs at the trapping laser wavelength. In this work we measure the size distribution and the production rate of cavitation bubbles for microparticles with a diameter of 3 $mu$m using high speed video recording and a fast photodiode. We find that there is a lower bound for the maximum bubble radius $R_{max}sim 2~mu$m which can be explained in terms of the microparticle size. More than $94 %$ of the measured $R_{max}$ are in the range between 2 and 6 $mu$m, while the same percentage of the measured individual frequencies $f_i$ or production rates are between 10 and 200 Hz. The photodiode signal yields an upper bound for the lifetime of the bubbles, which is at most twice the value predicted by the Rayleigh equation. We also report empirical relations between $R_{max}$, $f_i$ and the bubble lifetimes.
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