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Contextual Augmentation: Data Augmentation by Words with Paradigmatic Relations

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 Added by Sosuke Kobayashi
 Publication date 2018
and research's language is English




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We propose a novel data augmentation for labeled sentences called contextual augmentation. We assume an invariance that sentences are natural even if the words in the sentences are replaced with other words with paradigmatic relations. We stochastically replace words with other words that are predicted by a bi-directional language model at the word positions. Words predicted according to a context are numerous but appropriate for the augmentation of the original words. Furthermore, we retrofit a language model with a label-conditional architecture, which allows the model to augment sentences without breaking the label-compatibility. Through the experiments for six various different text classification tasks, we demonstrate that the proposed method improves classifiers based on the convolutional or recurrent neural networks.



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Data augmentation has been widely used to improve deep neural networks in many research fields, such as computer vision. However, less work has been done in the context of text, partially due to its discrete nature and the complexity of natural languages. In this paper, we propose to improve the standard maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) paradigm by incorporating a self-imitation-learning phase for automatic data augmentation. Unlike most existing sentence-level augmentation strategies, which are only applied to specific models, our method is more general and could be easily adapted to any MLE-based training procedure. In addition, our framework allows task-specific evaluation metrics to be designed to flexibly control the generated sentences, for example, in terms of controlling vocabulary usage and avoiding nontrivial repetitions. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method on two synthetic and several standard real datasets, significantly improving related baselines.
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