Subscribe to the gold package and get unlimited access to Shamra Academy
Register a new userA Brief Review of Current Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Potential Solid State Battery Technologies
326
0
0.0
(
0
)
Authors
Andrew Ulvestad
Ask ChatGPT about the research
No Arabic abstract
Solid state battery technology has recently garnered considerable interest from companies including Toyota, BMW, Dyson, and others. The primary driver behind the commercialization of solid state batteries (SSBs) is to enable the use of lithium metal as the anode, as opposed to the currently used carbon anode, which would result in ~20% energy density improvement. However, no reported solid state battery to date meets all of the performance metrics of state of the art liquid electrolyte lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and indeed several solid state electrolyte (SSE) technologies may never reach parity with current LIBs. We begin with a review of state of the art LIBs, including their current performance characteristics, commercial trends in cost, and future possibilities. We then discuss current SSB research by focusing on three classes of solid state electrolytes: Sulfides, Polymers, and Oxides. We discuss recent and ongoing commercialization attempts in the SSB field. Finally, we conclude with our perspective and timeline for the future of commercial batteries.
rate research
Read More
Upon insertion and extraction of lithium, materials important for electrochemical energy storage can undergo changes in thermal conductivity (${Lambda}$) and elastic modulus ($it M$). These changes are attributed to evolution of the intrinsic thermal carrier lifetime and interatomic bonding strength associated with structural transitions of electrode materials with varying degrees of reversibility. Using in situ time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) and picosecond acoustics, we systemically study $Lambda$ and $it M$ of conversion, intercalation and alloying electrode materials during cycling. The intercalation V$_{2}$O$_{5}$ and TiO$_{2}$ exhibit non-monotonic reversible ${Lambda}$ and $it M$ switching up to a factor of 1.8 (${Lambda}$) and 1.5 ($it M$) as a function of lithium content. The conversion Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$ and NiO undergo irreversible decays in ${Lambda}$ and $it M$ upon the first lithiation. The alloying Sb shows the largest and partially reversible order of the magnitude switching in ${Lambda}$ between the delithiated (18 W m$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$) and lithiated states (<1 W m$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$). The irreversible ${Lambda}$ is attributed to structural degradation and pulverization resulting from substantial volume changes during cycling. These findings provide new understandings of the thermal and mechanical property evolution of electrode materials during cycling of importance for battery design, and also point to pathways for forming materials with thermally switchable properties.
Lithium-ion technologies are increasingly employed to electrify transportation and provide stationary energy storage for electrical grids, and as such their development has garnered much attention. However, their deployment is still relatively limited, and their broader adoption will depend on their potential for cost reduction and performance improvement. Understanding this potential can inform critical climate change mitigation strategies, including public policies and technology development efforts. However, many existing models of past cost decline, which often serve as starting points for forecasting models, rely on limited data series and measures of technological progress. Here we systematically collect, harmonize, and combine various data series of price, market size, research and development, and performance of lithium-ion technologies. We then develop representative series for these measures and employ performance curve models to estimate improvement rates. We also develop a method to incorporate additional performance characteristics into these models, including energy density and specific energy performance metrics. When energy density is incorporated into the definition of service provided by a lithium-ion cell, estimated technological improvement rates increase considerably, suggesting that previously reported improvement rates might underestimate the rate of lithium-ion technologies change. Moreover, our estimates suggest the degree to which lithium-ion technologies price decline might have been limited by performance requirements other than cost per energy capacity. These rates also suggest that battery technologies developed for stationary applications, where restrictions on volume and mass are relaxed, might achieve faster cost declines, though engineering-based mechanistic cost modeling is required to further characterize this potential.
We study two thermo-electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries. The first is based on volume averaging the electrode microstructure whereas the second is based on the pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) approach which treats the electrode as a collection of spherical particles. A scaling analysis is used to reduce the volume-averaged model and show that the electrochemical reactions are the dominant source of heat. Matched asymptotic expansions are used to compute solutions of the volume-averaged model for the cases of constant applied current, oscillating applied current, and constant cell potential. The asymptotic and numerical solutions of the volume-averaged model are in remarkable agreement with numerical solutions of the thermal P2D model for (dis)charge rates up to 2C, and reasonable agreement is found at 4C. Homogenisation is then used to derive a thermal model for a battery consisting of several connected lithium-ion cells. Despite accounting for the Arrhenius dependence of the reaction coefficients, we show that thermal runaway does not occur in the model. Instead, the cell potential is simply pushed closer to the open-circuit potential. We also show that in many cases, the homogenised battery model can be solved analytically, making it ideal for use in on-board thermal management systems.
Solid state battery technology is motivated by the desire to deliver flexible power storage in a safe and efficient manner. The increasingly widespread use of batteries from mass-production facilities highlights the need for a rapid and sensitive diagnostic for identifying battery defects. We demonstrate the use of atomic magnetometry to measure the magnetic fields around miniature solid-state battery cells. These fields encode information about battery manufacturing defects, state of charge, impurities, or can provide important insights into ageing processes. Compared with SQUID-based magnetometry, the availability of atomic magnetometers, however, highlights the possibility for a low-cost, portable, and flexible implementation of battery quality-control and characterization technology.
Despite the ever-increasing use across different sectors, the lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have continually seen serious concerns over their thermal vulnerability. The LiB operation is associated with the heat generation and buildup effect, which manifests itself more strongly, in the form of highly uneven thermal distribution, for a LiB pack consisting of multiple cells. If not well monitored and managed, the heating may accelerate aging and cause unwanted side reactions. In extreme cases, it will even cause fires and explosions, as evidenced by a series of well-publicized incidents in recent years. To address this threat, this paper, for the first time, seeks to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature field of a LiB pack in real time. The major challenge lies in how to acquire a high-fidelity reconstruction with constrained computation time. In this study, a three-dimensional thermal model is established first for a LiB pack configured in series. Although spatially resolved, this model captures spatial thermal behavior with a combination of high integrity and low complexity. Given the model, the standard Kalman filter is then distributed to attain temperature field estimation at substantially reduced computational complexity. The arithmetic operation analysis and numerical simulation illustrate that the proposed distributed estimation achieves a comparable accuracy as the centralized approach but with much less computation. This work can potentially contribute to the safer operation of the LiB packs in various systems dependent on LiB-based energy storage, potentially widening the access of this technology to a broader range of engineering areas.
Log in to be able to interact and post comments
comments
Fetching comments
Sign in to be able to follow your search criteria
